Development of Modern Middle East Essay Example for Free

Develop handst of Modern Middle East EssayThe nominate of this paper is to give a synopsis of the life tarradiddle and work of Muhammad, son of Abdullah, the visionary of Islam. It result too seek to address the perse bowdlerizeions he underwent at the hands of his own comp all. Muhammad was and remains sensation of the around influential people the world has ever seen. He was a mortal, illiterate man who has changed world history and left an indelible mark on the history hold backs. He was the run of the vaticinators and wholeness of the few with account books. The scripture (Quran) is one of the most read and revered books on the face of the earth. His work has over one one grand million followers worldwide comprising people from all races, social status, sex and age. He ack instanterledged every oracle to begin with him and discriminated against none (Quran 2285). He was a human rights champion. In this paper Quraysh and/or Mecca bequeath mostly refer to un believers in Islamic mo nonheism at the duration of Muhammad.MUHAMMAD BIRTH and CHILDHOODMuhammad the son of Abdullah and the grandson of Abdul Muttalib (leader of the Quraysh phratry and custodian of al-Kaaba) is the prophet of the Islamic religion. Muhammad was born in Mecca in the year 570 c.e. which is also known as the Year of the Elephant. This is the year that Abrahah, the king of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) displace a powerful index to destroy al-Kaaba because he viewed al-Kaaba as a rival since it was attracting more pilgrims than his newly constructed temple in Yemen. According to history, on orgasm Mecca the lead elephant of Abrahahs convoy refused to enter the city. Then birds filled the skies stoning the soldiery with pebbles so overmuch so that they had to re divvy up in defeat. Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through his son Ishmael. His father Abdullah died few months before Muhammads birth.His m another(prenominal) Aminah sent him the countryside to be nursed and nurtured as was the custom in Arabia. Its believed that the barbarianren apprise the qualities of self-discipline, nobility, and freedom better in the countryside than in the urban argonas. It also gave them the opportunities to be speakers of eloquent Arabic verbalise by the Bedouin. Aminah did not have much money to pay for the care so most of the caregivers would not recognize Muhammad until she met Halimah a poor Bedouin woman who became Muhammads nurse. wizard day while playing with his child peers, two angels appeared to him in human fashion, laid him fling dark, opened his chest and purified his heart. For fear of what might have happened next, Halimah and her preserve Harith returned Muhammad to his mother. (Britannica) Aminah died when Muhammad was solo six years old. His grandfather (Abdul Muttalib) took custody of him, then two years later(prenominal) Abdul Muttalib poisonous sick and suspected he may not survive the illness, so he asked his so n Abu Talib to construct charge of Muhammad. Abdul Muttalib had many sons some of whom were richer than Abu Talib but he was the kindest and most respect suitable among his brothers. Abu Talib treated him very salutary and respectfully.ADOLESCENT to MARRIAGEAt a new age he joined Abu Talibs train to Syria. On this Syrian trip a Christian monk (Bahira) saw the signs of prophethood on him, invited him and his uncle to dine with him. He saw the prophet seal on his back and told Abu Talib to protect him from the Jews and Christians because might kill him if they realize his was the foretold prophet to suffice afterwards Jesus (Quran 616) And mention when Jesus, the son of Mary, give tongue to, O children of Israel, indeed I am the courier of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose take a crap is Ahmad. But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, This is obvious magic. Muhammad was sai d to be a childlike man of grotesque physical beauty and generosity of character.He was revered in Mecca due to his sense of fairness and justice that people often went to him for arbitration, then the title al-Amin (the Trusted One). His uncle Abu Talib recommended him to Khadija to work on her caravan. He did so sanitary that Khadija retained his service and made him the guide on of her caravan and proposed marriage to him through her friend. They got married when Muhammad was twenty louvre years old and Khadija who was forty years old. During marriage they had two sons and four daughters.The two sons both died young and only Fatimah among the daughters grew up to have children of her own. At age thirty atomic number 23, Muhammad took his cousin Ali who was five at the time into his household and raised him. He later gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and it was through this matrimony that his result came. (Britannica) All these time although an illiterate, he wa s not satisfied with the spiritual lives of the Meccans. He started retreating to the mountains for meditation. He has seen, heard, and dreamed of providential things and macrocosms. He maintained in his mind that there must be a supernatural being somewhere who is responsible for all these creatures. (CARM)CALL to PROPHETHOODMuhammad continued his daily retreat in the cave on the mountain. One day, generally believed to be the night of power (Laila tul Qadr) in Ramadan at age forty in the year 610 c.e. while in the cave on mount Hira, the archangel Gabriel appeared to him in human form and asked him to recite. Muhammad told the angel that he did not know how to read but Gabriel insisted he recite the name of thy superior (Quran 961-5) instruct In the name of your Lord (Cherisher and Sustainer), He who created created man, out of a leech-like clot Read And your Lord is Most Bountiful. He who taught (the use of) the Pen, taught man that which he knew not. The appearance of Gabrie l to Muhammad confirmed his call to prophethood which also marked the beginning of Islam, and added another important chapter to Arab and world history.Among the first converts to Islam were his beloved married woman Khadija, Ali his cousin and later son-in-law, and his friend Abu Bakr. The wrangling that Gabriel taught him became the first verses (Ayat) of the scriptures (Koran) which later developed to one hundred and fourteen chapters arranged from the interminable to the shortest except the opening chapter (al-Fatiha) which is short. The Quran was revealed in a period of twenty three years (610-632 c.e), the first thirteen years in Mecca and last ten in Medina.Although not arranged in chronological order, the shorter chapters are the early revelations. The Quran is one of the most revered and read books on earth today. It is the most sacred book for the Muslims they believe it is perfections own words (the original copy in heaven) and that Muhammad is the last of the prophet s hence the other title the Seal. In this case Muhammad and the Quran are both completely beyond criticism (reprimand) in the Islamic world. The Muslims pull up stakes go any length to defend both regardless of the consequences. (Britannica)EARLY age of ISLAM and PERSECUTIONSFor the first three years Islam had or so forty followers (Muslims). Muhammad and the Muslims faced a lot of persecutions at the hands of Mecca pagans, who viewed the new faith as a threat to their polytheistic lives, and the religions of their forefathers. He was still discussion in underground even after three years. He preached a lot about good-will to the poor and the weak (women and children), equality of races, equality of men and women before God. Muslims started gaining ground slowly but surely. Since Mecca often had visitors, the elders feared that the new faith might quickly spread if strangers started accepting it, so they had to hatch a intention to stop the spread. They continue to defend the ir religion but offered little new to the challenge Islam brought to them. Abu Lahab (Muhammads uncle) and Abu Sufyan pull to spoilher eloquent poets from the tribes and started a propaganda war.The poets coined choice phrases and recited well-crafted verses to ridicule Muhammad and call into doubt the veracity of his beliefs. Muslim converts with poetic achievement began to construct rebuttals and soon there were dueling poets all over the city. People began approaching the once highly respect Muhammad in the streets shoving and enquire him to perform miracles (predict market prices, turn mountains into gold, make angels appear, and etc.) like the earlier prophets did. Many Quran verses came down to him to answer the many challenges he faced and those that question the authenticity of the Quran. Muhammad frequently reminded them that he was just a mortal man and the Quran was his miracle. Another thing that puzzled the opponents was that Muhammad was not a poet, and his sudden eloquence and redundancy was inexplicable. The Meccans admitted to the fact that Quranic verses were nice to take heed to and its contents were impassioned and appealing.Some clan elders began sitting outside Muhammads window at night to hear him reciting his beautiful verses. They enjoyed the verses and knew that those verses could not have come from even the better(p) poet let alone an illiterate man. This continued until they shamed each other into stopping because that will spurious they are encouraging Muhammad and admitting that he was on the right highway. (Emerick Yahiya) He continued (Quran 7194-198) speaking against asking idols for help even though the idols could not see, hear, speak, or protect themselves. These Quranic verses made idol worship assist foolish. These assertions did not settle well with the Quraysh, so they approached Abu Talib ( passing of the Banu Hasim) and asked him to stop Muhammad or relinquish his protection of him so they could take care of him because he attacks their religion which was Abu Talibs too. Abu Talib knew that to take care of him meant they wanted kill Muhammad.Remembering the cartel he made to his father to protect Muhammad he politely told the clan elders that he would continue to buy the farm his clans protection to Muhammad. Muhammad was preaching that slaves were equal to their masters at a time when thrall was at its height in Arabia. This alarmed the Quraysh leaders which prompted them to reason with Abu Talib for the second time, they took along an able-bodied young man (Umarah) to be Abu Talibs adopted son in exchange for Muhammad. Abu Talib strongly rejected the offer. stave Muhammad continued his preaching and people continue converting to Islam. (Emerick Yahiya) The Quraysh elders tried a third time to reason with Abu Talib only this with an ultimatum and that was Stop Muhammad or we will fight him and you.Abu Talib did not want to cause trouble for his clan, called Muhammad to a private me eting and said to him Save me and save yourself. Muhammad politely responded his uncle by adage Uncle by Allah, if they put the sunlight in my right hand and the moon in my left and ordered me to give up this cause, I would never do it until either Allah has vindicated me or I perish in the attempt. When the response was conveyed to the clan leaders, they ordered redoubling of efforts to persecute Muslims. Abu Talib assured him of his unflinching support no matter what he preached and called the Banu Hashim and Banu Abdul Muttalib clans to swear to an anathema to protect Muhammad.The Quraysh then sent Utbah, a conciliatory Arab leader to Muhammad asking him to stop preaching his religion or at least make accommodation for idol worshipping, then the Meccans would compensate him whatever he wished. Muhammad recited Chapter 32 of the Quran, which outlines the truth of monotheism, Allahs purpose for creation, and the way He chooses prophets to convey His message of salvation. Utbah w as enticed that Muhammad was not crazy and that he should be left alone. Persecution of Muslims then increased to an alarming rate. Muslims were tortured, starved, left to die in hot desert sands, and even murdered.MIGRATION to MEDINA (HIJRA)Due to the persistent persecutions from the people of Mecca, Muhammad accepted the invitation from Yathrib (modern day Medina) to be the head of the city and arbitrator for the warring factions. He could also have freedom to practice and preach about his faith. He migrated to in the year 622 c.e. with his family and some followers. When he was leaving his house Muhammad recited (Quran 369) We have cover them so they cannot see, he slipped out passing unnoticed by the men assigned to kill him. He left his cousin Ali to intermission in his house. Upon arrival at Yathrib, he and his companions were welcomed with loud cry of please a chorus of girls sang a welcome song for them. From that day Yathrib was renamed Medina (city of the prophet). The migration is known as Hijra which also marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar. (CARM) Islam started gro fly rapidly as a dominant political force in Medina and Muhammad assumed the role of a de facto head of state.Both men and women (including but not exceptional to Safiya bint Abdul Muttalib, Asma bint Abu Bakr, and Fatima bint Muhammad) played important roles as activists and teachers to make a planetary houseland for Islamic monotheism a reality. Many women began to sprucely support the new movement, for Islam presented a immense leap forward in both womens rights and status. Islam was now going through radical changes. The changes included opposition to idolatry, improving somebodyal morality, establishing personal relationship with God, and regulations for humanity and social life. The Quran laid new rules for the conduct of business and commerce, the compulsory 2.5% welfare tax (Zakat) from annual savings to be given for the benefit of the poor and needy. Fasting (a bstinence from worldly pleasure during daylight) in the month of Ramadan was established.The five daily prayers were now held in congregation in the mosque. (Mission Islam) With the arrival of Sawdah and marriage to Aisha, Muhammad started to establish a abiding household in Medina. Sawdah was a widow of ********* and one of the early converts to Islam. She got married to Muhammad after the demise of Khadija. She was said to be a very kind and humorous woman. Aisha may have been twelve years or so at the time. She lived in her own apartment by the mosque and spent her leisure entertaining visitors and paseo the streets of Medina. Aisha was a quick learner and soon became a sought-after teacher on Islamic issues as the years progressed. Sawdah also had her own apartment and did not encroach upon Aishas domain. She took the inexperienced Aisha under her wing and guided her in her role as a wife. (Inter-Islam)WARS against DISBELIEVERSMuhammad and his followers fought many wars agains t Islams foes from Mecca, Jews and the tribes. The first of the great wars was the Battle of Badr. The Muslims were outnumbered by Meccans almost three to one. The Meccan army was headed by Abu Jahl a staunch antagonist of Islam and the person of Muhammad. The Meccans lost their camp and its wealth and supplies, and about fifty men including Abu Jahl and many other leaders who died in the war. The Muslims took about cardinal Meccans prisoner. The Muslims had fourteen casualties. Muhammad announced that Allahs help allowed them to win (Quran 89 and 817). While the Muslims continued to celebrate their win in Medina, the Meccans were humiliated by the Battle of Badr at home and wanted to revenge. This will mean a change of events for the Muslims (Quran 3140) If a wound hath touched you, be sure a similar wound hath touched the others. Such days (of varying fortunes) We give to men and men by turns that Allah may know those that believe, and that He may take to Himself from your ranks Martyr-witnesses (to Truth).And Allah loveth not those that do price. This leads to the Battle of Uhud. The Meccans used the proceeds from Abu Sufyans great caravan to procure weapons for next campaign against Muslims. They had three thousand well-armed fighters divided into three massive columns. The womens group was led by Hind, Abu Sufyans wife who vowed not to mourn the deaths of her father, brother and uncles, and also promised not to sleep with her husband until she had her vengeance against the Muslims. Abu Sufyan trying to convince his wife of his own bravery also promised not to bathe until he discomfited Muhammad. Many women persistent to come along to encourage their husbands and fathers and watch the battle. Hind, Abu Sufyans wife stated We will indeed keep up the army and no one can stand in our way or force us back into our homes, if the women were present at the Day of Badr soldiers running away would not have happened.At the head of each Meccan regiment were men who wanted to see Muhammad dead. Among them were Khalid ibn al-Walid famous Meccan cavalry general who wanted glorification and accolades. Abu Sufyan and his brother-in-law Ikhrimah, the son of Abu Jahl were seeking blood to fight for glory. The women made it clear that if their men struck down the enemy they would be embraced and w0uld spread rugs for them. If you turn your backs we will avoid you and we will never come back to sleep with you. (pbs.org) The Prophet instructed fifty archers to protect the Muslims backs and not to move from their posts until they saw the Muslims entering the enemy camp, if the Muslims were being beaten(a) they should still stay at their posts and avoid trying to help so that the enemy could not come behind them.However, the archers left their posts allowing the enemy the chance to get behind them which caused the Muslims to be overwhelmed by the much larger enemy (Quran 827-28) O you who have believed, do not bring out Allah and the Messenger or be tray your trusts while you know the consequence. But when he came to it, he was called, Blessed is whoever is at the fire and whoever is around it. And elevated is Allah, Lord of the worlds. The Prophet himself got struck by a thrown rock that knocked one of his teeth off and he fell to the ground. He was quickly surrounded by Muslims to protect him from the charging Meccans. The Prophet tried to get up but fell into a pit, Ali and another man lifted him out of the pit. The Muslims suffered about seventy casualties and many others were severely wounded, and the Meccans lost hundreds. However, the Muslims admitted defeat because of high number of casualties and wounded including the prophet with regard to the size of their army.The Meccan women led by Hind enraged by their near defeat began to mutilate and deface the locomote Muslims. They cut off noses and ears and made them ornaments or necklaces moving over dead bodies like ghouls. Hind open up Hamzas dead body, ripped open hi s chest and chewed on his liver, fulfilling her vow. Hamza was Muhammads uncle and the one who killed Abu Jahl, the father of Hind. Hamza was killed by a slave whom Hind promised to set free if he killed Hamza. (Emerick Yahiya) After the battle of Uhud the Muslims position in Medina was rickety and the hypocrites capitalized on this situation to strengthen their position. Most of the tribes were now emboldened since they realize that the Muslims were not invincible. Many times, Muslims who were sent on missions got massacred and this brought about a lot of sadness among surviving compatriots. Muhammad explained the change in their fortunes as Gods way of testing their resolve and sincerity. (Quran 2155-156).The Jews who had signed treaties with the Prophet broke the terms of the treaties and they were exiled from Medina. The Jews incited other tribes and Mecca to go to war with Muslims to wipe out Islam. The tribes and Meccans made up an army of about ten thousand fighters to attac k the Muslims. The Prophet and other Muslims dug a trench at the south entrance of the city to protect Medina from the menacingly large army attack, since the other side was Mount Uhud and the back was the Jewish fortresses.The army arrived but could not enter the city of Medina so they laid siege for three weeks. This was called the siege of Medina or Battle of the Trench. This was a difficult time for Muslims because their food supply was running out and their Jewish neighbors (Banu Qurayza) had cut the food supply. However, after about three weeks in the cold desert nights the army started feeling weary. One night a raging winter storm befell the army, and the weather was so harsh that they decided to leave. (Emerick Yahiya) mastery of MECCA and PASSING of the PROPHETDespite all the troubles Muslims faced, Islam was steadily growing. In the year 628 c.e the Muslims and the Quraysh signed the treaty of Hudaybiyah, and the Muslims defeated the Jews at the battle of Khaybar. In the year 629 Muhammad led a lesser pilgrimage to Mecca and Khalid ibn Walid born-again to Islam. In the year 630 c.e the prophet marched unto Mecca with over ten thousand followers. They faced very little resistance from the Meccans. The prophet and the Muslims destroyed and removed all the idols that filled al Kaaba and established prayers in the place. Abu Sufyan the last strongest Quraysh leader converted to Islam. (Emerick Yahiya) In the year 632 c.e the prophet went to Mecca with over one hundred thousand followers to perform part pilgrimage (hajj). This was to be his last hajj and this was where gave the farewell sermon (address), which reads O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I dont know whether, after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again.Therefore listen to what I am saying to you carefully and TAKE THIS WORDS TO THOSE WHO COULD NOT BE PRESENT HERE TODAY. O People, just as you regard this month, this day, and this city as Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your LORD, and that HE will indeed insure your deeds. ALLAH has forbidden you to take usury (Interest), therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived watch out of Satan, for your safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things. O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have right over you. If they hurt by your right then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness.Do treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you do not approve, as well as never to commit adultery. O People, listen to me in earnest, worship ALLAH, say your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your wealth in Zakat. Perform Hajj if you can afford to. You know that every Muslim is the brother of another Muslim. YOU atomic number 18 ALL EQUAL. NOBODY HAS SUPERIORITY OVER OTHER EXCEPT BY PIETY AND GOOD ACTION. Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone. O People, NO PROPHET OR APOSTLE WILL get by AFTER ME AND NO NEW FAITH WILL BE BORN.Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand my words which I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the QURAN and my example, the SUNNAH and if you follow these you will never go astray. All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again and may the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. BE MY WITNESS O ALLAH THAT I HAVE CONVEYED YOUR pass TO YOUR PEOPLE. After the prophet concluded hi s final sermons the following quranic (ayat) verse was revealed to him (Quran 53) This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My Grace upon you, and have chosen Islam for you as your religion. Muhammad died in the year 632 c.e. after a short illness two years after he conquered Mecca and destroyed the idols in al-Kaaba. He was buried at Medina in the Mosque (Masjid Nabawi).There is no forcing anyone into this way of life. Truth stands clear in the from fracture (Quran 2256)SourcesGelvin James L, (2011) The Modern Middle East- A History, Oxford University Press, New York Emerick Yahiya, (2002) The Life and Work of Muhammad, Alpha Books, capital of Indiana Britannica Online Encyclopaedia- Muhammad (The Prophet of Islam). Retrieved on September 23, 2012 www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad PBS-islam Empire of Faith-Profiles-Muhammad. Retrieved on September 25, 2012 www.pbs.org/empires/islam/profilesMuhammad.html Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry (CARM). Retrieved on September 30, 2012 http//www.carm.org/muhammad Inter-Islam Home. Retrieved on October 12, 2012 www.inter-islam.org/Biographies Mission Islam. Retrieved on October 15, 2012 www.missionislam.com/knowledge/zakat.htm