Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie Essay example

Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie Anyone can handle a crisis, but day-to-day living is the most trying aspect of life (Jackson 19). This is especially true in the drama The Glass Menagerie. None of the characters in this tale is willing to or capable of living in the present. Everyday life becomes so mindless and oppressive that each characters dreams and fantasies become more important than reality itself. Through their dreams, Amanda, Tom, Laura, and Jim attempt to transcend reality in order to escape the monotony of life. Having lost her husband and being left alone to raise her two children Tom and Laura, Amanda finds herself in a very undesirable situation. This situation is only made worse through Amandas†¦show more content†¦Equally unrealistic is her abrupt reversion to her past when the gentleman caller is about to arrive, when the dream of a promising future seems about to be realized. On this occasion, she is dressed in the same girlish frock she wore on the day she met the childrens father, atte mpting to conceal her shabby present and recapture part of the elegance she associates with her giddy days of entertaining many gentleman callers. Bewildered by her immediate surroundings and unable to cope with the social and economic reality of the Depression days, Amanda is often obsessed with her past as the genteel southern belle dominated by refined social gatherings and elegant living conditions, reminiscing about her own experiences with men in Blue Mountain: One Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain - your mother received - seventeen! - gentleman callers!... (Williams 16). Attempting to materialize her southern belle past, she even makes constant insistence on Lauras having gentleman callers. Tom, though not physically crippled as his sister Laura, finds himself paralyzed in the warehouse in which he works. Faced with the bleak aspects, and perhaps the bleakShow MoreRelated Dreams and Escape in The Glass Menagerie Essay2243 Words   |  9 PagesDreams and Escape in The Glass Menagerie    None of the characters in The Glass Menagerie is capable of living in the present. Everyday life is so oppressive that each character, through their dreams, retreats into a fantasy world. This essay will examine the reality faced by Amanda, Tom, Laura and Jim and probe how, through their dreams, each character attempts to transcend reality. Amanda, having lost her husband and having to take care of her two children, namely Tom and LauraRead More Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams2189 Words   |  9 Pages     Ã‚   In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams presents us with four characters whose lives seem to consist in avoiding reality more than facing it. Amanda lives her life through her children and clings to her lost youthfulness. Tom retreats into movie theaters and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and some day becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her Victrola and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. Finally, Jim is only able to find some reliefRead More Essay on the Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚   Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, describes three separate characters, their dreams, and the harsh realities they face in a modern world.   The Glass Menagerie exposes the lost dreams of a southern family and their desperate struggle to escape reality. Williams use of symbols adds depth to the play. The glass menagerie itself is a symbol Williams uses to represent the broken lives of Amanda, Laura and Tom Wingfield andRead MoreEssay Crushed Dreams in The Glass Menagerie1194 Words   |  5 PagesCrushed Dreams in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is known for his use of symbols, tension, and irony. Williams uses all of these components to express the central theme of The Glass Menagerie - hope followed by despair. Each of the characters has dreams that are destroyed by the harsh realities of the world.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the narrator blatantly admits, since I have a poets weakness for symbols, symbols are central to The Glass Menagerie (Williams 30). Symbols areRead MoreConflict Between Reality and Illusion as a Major Theme of ‘the Glass Menagerie’1718 Words   |  7 PagesConflict between reality and illusion as a major theme of ‘The Glass Menagerie’ Introduction The Glass Menagerie is a dramatic play about human nature and the conflict between illusion and reality. An illusion is pretense and not reality. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams has made use of both reality and illusion together using conflict between them. Illusion is a misinterpretation of the facts. It is an opinion based on what we think is true rather than on what is actually true. In thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play The Glass Menagerie 1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Glas Menagerie 4/29/15 Within the play The Glass Menagerie, Amanda, Laura, and Tom Wingfield all of have their own dreams that are continuously destroyed by the harshness of reality. Amanda, stuck in the ease of her youth, tries to relive her life through her daughter Laura. Being crippled both physically and mentally, Laura struggles to escape the bubble she has created around herself that her mother Amanda so strongly tries to force her out of. Tom whom, although reads poetry and dreams of escapeRead MoreEscape from Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams680 Words   |  3 PagesEscape from Reality in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams The Characters Escape From Reality in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams centers around a dream of escape. Although everyone wants to escape from a different reality, they all feel that need to get away. The father is the most successful in his escape because he never has to deal with anything at home. He actually leaves and doesnt look back. As for the other four: Laura, Amanda, Tom, and Jim, they seemRead More Essay on Stagnant Lives in Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie1196 Words   |  5 PagesStagnant Lives in Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stagnant Lives of Blanche DuBois and Amanda Wingfield  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of Williams significant characters are pathetic victims--of time, of their own passions, of immutable circumstance (Gantz 110). This assessment of Tennessee Williams plays proves true when one looks closely at the characters of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire and Amanda Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie. Their lives run closely parallel to one anotherRead More Comparing the Life of Tennessee Williams and Glass Menagerie707 Words   |  3 PagesParallels in the Life of Tennessee Williams and The Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is one the major writers of the mid-twentieth century. His work includes the plays, The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. One theme of The Glass Menagerie is that hopeful aspirations are followed by inevitable disappointments. This theme is common throughout all of Williams work and throughout his own life as well. It is shown through the use of symbols and characters.    I haveRead More The Importance of Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie  Ã‚      Tom Wingfield is the narrator and a major character in Tennessee William’s timeless play, The Glass Menagerie. Through the eyes of Tom, the viewer gets a glance into the life of his family in the pre-war depression era; his mother, a Southern belle desperately clinging to the past; his sister, a woman too fragile to function in society; and himself, a struggling, young poet working at a warehouse to pay the bills. Williams has managed

Diabetes Is A Major Public Health Problem Worldwide Essay

Diabetes mellitus is a major public-health problem worldwide. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and by 2030, this number is estimated to almost double.1 The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes. Individuals with T2DM are considered on high priority as they are potential candidates for rapid evaluation to prevent and halt the progression of complications. This study presented descriptive data from a large number of subjects with diabetes type 2 attending the Diabetology OPD of our hospital. Obesity was prevalent in 65% of the representative sample of type 2 diabetes patients. These results are comparable to other studies done in India and abroad. Higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in diabetics with 58.1% of subjects having high BMI was observed in Chennai. 10 Similarly in Gujarat, overweight and obesity in diabetics was even more common observed in 83% of the diabetics. 11 Another study from South Africa revealed 78% of obesity in diabetics. 12 Whereas obesity prevailed among 86% of diabetics attending a hospital diabetic clinic in UK. 13 The higher prevalence of obesity in these subjects may be due to various factors of which diet and sedentary lifestyle being most important. As far as overall dietary status is concerned, 35% of the subjects were consuming excess calories. However in relation to obesity, 61% of the high BMI group was having high calorie diet making dietary calories an importantShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus : A Major Public Health Problem Worldwide Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus has increased in recent years due to bad eating habits and inactivity. Diabetes Mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. Improved testing accuracy has improved which has confirmed more cases. There are two types of diabetes. In this paper I will explain the differences in both types of Diabetes and complications that are commonly associated with this disease, as well as treatment and plan of care for this disease. (American Medical Association) Type I DiabetesRead MoreEssay about Global Health and Diabetes1323 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal health is defined as â€Å"health problems, issues, or concerns that transcend national borders† (Institute of Medicine, 1997, p. 2). Koplan (2009) proposed a new definition for global health which he described as an â€Å"area for study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide† (para, 7). Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions from an interdisciplinary perspective and blendsRead MoreFighting the Obesity Epidemic in the UK912 Words   |  4 PagesPublic health aims prevention of health problems before they occur and mainly focuses on population rather than individual (Thorbory, 2009). It also helps to improve the health and well being of individuals, communities and the wider population and prevent from mortality and disability (Nursing Times.net, 2013 ). Prevention such as immunisation and screening, Protection such as safety and protection from abuse and promotion such as health education are the three main approaches of public health (RCNRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Diabetes833 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral years, obesity has become a serious health concern in all around the world, Including the United States; overweight is at least partly responsible for the dramatic increase in diagnoses of type two diabetes (on-set diabetes) among children and adults. Diabesity is the label for diabetes occurring in the context of obesity (McNaughton 71 ). In Diabesity and the stigmatization of lifestyle in Australia we diagnose the correlation between obesity and diabetes; whether one of them is a product of theRead MoreObesity As A Disease Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages5%) of adults in the United States are obese. Obesity is defined as a weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used as a screening tool for overweight and obesity. According to the World Health Organization, worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. In 2016, 39% of women and 29% of men over the age of 18 were overweight. Today, around one in five children, ages 6-19 are obese. The obesity epidemic only continues to worsen in the United StatesRead MoreThe Prevalence And Incidence Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesA. Statement of the Problem The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide, particularly in devel-oping countries, in conjunction with increased obesity rates and westernization of lifestyle (In-zucchi et al., 2012). The economic burden for health care systems is skyrocketing, owing to the costs associated with treatment and diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disorders, blindness, end-stage renal failure, amputations, and hospitali-zationsRead MoreFactors Affecting Prevalence And Treatment Outcomes Of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1005 Words   |  5 Pagesand Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rwanda Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough Insulin (impaired insulin secretion) or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced (insulin resistance) resulting in increased blood glucose (â€Å"Endocrine System.† Internal Medicine Clinical Treatment Guidelines. Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, 2012 ). Symptoms include frequent urination,Read MorePersonal Creativity And The World1062 Words   |  5 Pageshelp create something for themselves and to have an opportunity to express themselves through something they love to do. 2. Reason for choosing the article? The reason for choosing this article was due to it talking about homeless youth, mental health issues, abuse and other things that would cause a young person to go to something that they think would help or be a crutch for them, to allow them to be free and happy. Also, I chose this article because it is something that I could relate to, dueRead MorePreventing Chilhood Obesity : Parenting Programme For Early Years1073 Words   |  5 Pages PUBLIC HEALTH - ASSIGNMENT 2 PREVENTING CHILHOOD OBESITY – PARENTING PROGRAMME FOR EARLY YEARS BACKGROUND Obesity, defined as ‘an excessive amount of body fat relative to body weight’ (Heyward, 2010, p.232) has reached global epidemic proportions and it is the fifth leading risk for global deaths with 2.8 million adults dying every year (World Health Organization, 2013). In addition, worldwide, more than 40 million children under the age of 5 were overweightRead MoreDiabetes Essay789 Words   |  4 Pagescancer and type 2 diabetes and promote good health (Temple 2000; Kwon et al. 2007). Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) are rising rapidly worldwide due to lifestyle and diet chances (Mishra et al. 2017). In North America these diseases disproportionately affect certain indigenous communities, who also have high prevalence of obesity in all age groups and in both sexes (Kwon et al. 2007). Diabetes mellitus (DM), a global public health problem, is a chronic disorder

The Cave Paintings, A Form Of Rock Art ( Keegan, 2014 )

Through history, we have seen the use of communication and how it evolved from the early eras to this very modern day. The oldest known symbols created with the purpose of communication through time are the cave paintings, a form of rock art (Keegan, 2014). Then came the use of petroglyphs (carvings on rock surface), pictograms (symbols representing objects, concepts and activities), and ideograms (graphical symbols representing data). What followed is the cuneiform system, whose original form began in the late Neolithic period and is believed to have first been invented by the Sumerians. After some time, these forms of writing eventually evolved into pure alphabets, thus, completing the three broad categories of writing: logographic,†¦show more content†¦When people communicate, they don’t just talk and say words. Usually, it is a two-way process involving a sender and a receiver. Communication is so powerful that one cannot not communicate. Activity or inactivity, words or silence all have message value. They influence others and these others, in return, cannot not respond to these communicators and are themselves communicating (Latzwick, Beavin and Jackson, 1969). Communication is also closely associated with one’s definition of self. Individuals gain a sense of self-identity by being paid attention to and getting feedback from others. Therefore, one’s sense of power starts at communication (Tubbs and Moss 2000). Communication is important in both the personal and professional field. The way you speak holds colossal power. It has power to tap new opportunities, or to shut the open doors; the power to build trust, and the power to ruin it; the power to generate new action, and the power to fail it (Paliwal n.d.). In the professional world, communication is constantly cited as one of the most important skills in getting ahead. It has been found that interpersonal communication, relationship building, leadership, teamwork, network, and persuasion were among the most important skills for job performance and career success. Moreover, communication is vital in leadership. As mentioned by Garcia (2012), â€Å"Communication Is a Leadership Discipline: Whatever else leadership may be, it is experienced publicly.

Making A Movie Essay Example For Students

Making A Movie Essay Imagine a young child, eye level with a floor full of miniature toys, concentrating intently on building a make-believe world. To the child, the toys are not miniature figures made of plastic or wood. They are real characters with real adventures. The child frames the action, crafting scenes that unfold in a world of imagination. Looking through the lens of a camera as actors bring to life a writerquot;s story, the filmmaker is also peering into a world of imagination. The director, producer, actors, screenwriter, and film editor are all essential players in the journey from concept to finished film. In this remarkable process, thousands of small details-and often hundreds of people-come together to create a Hollywood film. In the Beginning The year is 1890. Directors, editors, and cameramen are making silent films with the help of a scenarist, usually an ex-vaudeville actor who invents humorous situations. But where are the screenwriters? These early films donquot;t need them. Without sound, there is no need for dialogue. Motion Picture Association of America , 1999 The Storytellers All of that changed with the advent of sound for film in the 1920s. Suddenly, actors needed something to say. Writers flocked to Hollywood in droves from Broadway and from the worlds of literature and journalism. For a brief time in the 1930s, some of the worldquot;s most famous writers wrote Hollywood scripts: William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Bertolt, and Thomas Mann. In 1932, William Faulkner earned $6,000 in salary and rights for a story, a substantial of money at the time. Just five years later, F. Scott Fitzgerald earned $1,250 per week, more money than he had ever earned in his life Brady, 1981, 26 , and enough to get him out of the serious debt he had fallen into. Despite generous pay, the conditions under which these world-renowned writers labored were anything but ideal. Hollywood was a factory system, churning out movies at a furious pace. Screenwriters found themselves at the bottom rung of the studio ladder. By the end of World War II, screenwriters were complaining about their place in the Hollywood machine. Leonard Spigelgass, editor of Who Wrote the Movie and What Else Did He Write Brady 1981, 50, summed up the situation: Over the years we have been called hacks, high-priced secretaries, creatures of the director or producer, pulp writers, craftsmen, sell-outs, cop-outs, mechanical robots. No Pulitzer Prizes for us, no Noblequot;s, no mention of our names. Brady, 1981, 51 Screenwriters continued to earn little prestige for their hard work, until the filmmaking system experienced some important shifts. The status of movie stars began to increase, and writers often found to be powerful allies. Occasionally, stars would request a script by particular writer, as happened with Katherine Hepburn and the movie of the Year. Hepburn brought the script to the attention of studio head Louis B. Mayer, and the scriptquot;s writers, Ring Lardner Jr. nd Michael Kanin, received $100,000 for its use indieWire, 1999. A few writers also managed to obtain creative control over their work. John Huston, a well-known filmmaker who began as a writer, demanded a clause in his contract with the studio that would give him the opportunity to direct. A screenwriter gained more respect if he demonstrated a real talent for directing. Increasingly, writers became more important players within the studio system. Even so, some left the security and good pay of the studio to freelance for whoever held the reins-studios, stars, or other players. By the late 1940s, screenwriting was a lucrative occupation. Screenwriters today are important and often powerful players in the filmmaking process. They are paid as well as directors and producers are, and their work is considered an art. Screenplays are often published and sold to the general public in bookstores just like novels and plays. Malkiewicz, 1992, 33. Chernin 3 Though rare in the 1930s and 1940s, many screenwriters today are asking to direct in order to guide their script through the filmmaking process. The number of writers who turn to directing steadily increases year after year. Even if they do not direct, screenwriters often have a say in the project from script through production, collaborating closely with actors and directors to advance their ideas through to finished film. The Directorquot;s Vision The directorquot;s vision shapes the look and feel of a film. He or she is the creative force that pulls a film together, responsible for turning the words of a script into images on the screen. Actors, cinematographers, writers, and editors orbit around the director like planets around the Sun. Despite the directorquot;s pivotal role, most Hollywood movies are designed to pull you into the story without being aware of the directorquot;s hand. Many talented film directors with long lists of feature film credits are so skilled at being invisible that they are little known by the movie-going public. Goldman, 1989, 17 Imagine youquot;re being considered to direct a Hollywood film. Youquot;re handed a screenplay has been greenlighted given approval for production by a major studio Wordplay, 1999. As you read through it, you begin to imagine how it might play out on screen. You see the characters coming to life. You envision the lighting and hear the sound. You are absorbed in the world of the story until you see the scriptquot;s final words: Fade Out. When youquot;re done reading the script, you ask yourself some key questions. What is the main idea or theme of the screenplay? What does the story say about the human condition in general? You also think about the script cinematically. How will the script translate to the visual language of the screen? Who is the audience? As the director, you must feel passionate about this soon-to-be film. Feeling connected and committed to the story will help you do your best work, and therequot;s an enormous amount of work ahead Movie Maker Magazine , 1999. If you are hired as the director of this film, you may need to help shape the script for the screen. A good script is the foundation for a good film, but even the best one may need to be developed or molded to work well on the big screen. Sometimes the producer will develop a script and then hand it over to the director. In other cases, the director may work with the writer early on to help develop a script from its beginning stages. Chernin 4 Nowadays, the planning for a film is often underway before there is a script. A director or producer purchases the rights to a story and then hires a screenwriter. Whatever the route from script to screen, the director plays an important role in shaping the way the story is told. Assembling the Cast and Crew The people you work with, both the actors and the crew who will make things work behind the scenes, are crucial to the filmquot;s success. The right people will understand and respect your vision, work well with one another, and bring their own unique gifts to the filmmaking process. The filmquot;s producer normally hires the crew, but the director will have input into crucial hires such as lead actors. A production designer is responsible for the believability of a filmquot;s scenery and sets. In essence, the production designer is the architect of the film, working to make your vision, as director, a reality. The production designer also works closely with the art director and set decorator, making certain all the visual details are accurate and the style and period of the film reflect your wishes. Bone, 1996, 62 The cinematographer, or director of photography, helps to translate your vision to film, scene by scene, planning shots and supervising camera operators. Often, cinematographers are artists with experience in painting and photography. Their job is to create and capture the images that best tell the story. Malkiewicz, 1992, 56 The actors you choose will bring your story to life. Your casting decisions will be based on such factors as availability and whether or not an actor is suitable for lead or ensemble acting, as well as on a healthy dose of intuition. Character Analysis - Ordinary People EssaySometimes this involves prodding the director to finish the shots planned for a particular day, or hunting down actors if they are not where they should be on the set. The assistant director also functions as a record keeper and handles time cards and minor union disputes. Wordplay, 1999 During filming, you are told exactly where to stand and where to move. Every time you stop, someone places a piece of tape on the floor. The camera follows you slowly. You rehearse the scene on the directorquot;s command. Once. Twice. Then the director says, Letquot;s go for a take. The assistant director yells, Quiet on the set! The actor who appears in this scene with you moves to his position. The cinematographer instructs the cameraman to take a medium shot. Roll it, says the assistant director. Someone says, Rolling. Speed, says someone else. Thirty-five, take one. An assistant holds a slate in front of the actorquot;s face and snaps it shut. This clacker will later aid the film editor in synchronizing the picture to the sound. Action! commands the director. Seconds later, the director calls out, Cut. Do it again. The process is repeated until the director yells, Cut. Print it. The makeup person moves into the scene and adjusts the actorquot;s makeup. The director now wants a close-up shot and the cameraman films several takes until the director is satisfied with each one. Finally, itquot;s your turn for a close-up. You know that the camera and microphone will be within a few feet of you, so youquot;ll need to communicate ideas and emotions at a very close range. Action! You enter the room. Youquot;re careful to hit your mark and stop exactly where the tape was placed on the floor earlier in the day. Cut, the director says, and tells you to do it again. Wordplay, 1999Finally, he calls out, Thatquot;s a wrap. You take a deep breath of relief. The assistant director gives you your callsheet, or your schedule, for the next dayquot;s shooting. The crew begins to pack away the equipment for the night. The film shot that day is sent to a lab where it is processed and made into dailies. Dailies are film clips that are viewed after each dayquot;s work in order to evaluate performances and spot any technical problems. They are shown to only a few people-normally, only the director, producer, and director of photography. Cuts and Transitions: Assembling the Scene The film editor must know how to tell a story, be politically savvy when working with directors and studio executives, and have a calm and confident demeanor. Millions of dollars of film and the responsibility of guiding the picture through post-production and into theaters rest in the editorquot;s hands. Scenes may have been photographed poorly and performances might have been less than inspired, but a skilled and creative editor can assemble the film so that the audience will never see these imperfections. Murch, 1995, 28-29 To better understand the editing process, imagine you are seated in a movie theater. The lights are dim and credits appear over an establishing shot of a seacoast town in Maine. The title appears on the screen: Arson Hill. After the last credits evaporate, you see a long shot of a vacant summer cottage, then a medium shot of a mysterious-looking man pouring lighter fluid on the grass near the house and striking a match. The grass catches fire; the man flees. The vivid crackling of the fire dissolves into the sound of a young girlquot;s laughter as she packs clothing into a cardboard box and sings along with her CD player. Who created this scene? The screenwriter, director, cinematographer, actors, lighting designer, sound designer, and, finally, the film editor. Working with the director, the film editor shaped the scene into its final form. After hours and hours of reviewing the unedited film, he created this one-minute scene. The scene appears to take place in a seacoast town in Maine during an autumn afternoon. In truth, little of what the audience sees on screen occurred in Maine, and it certainly was not all filmed in one afternoon. The actor who played the mysterious man was most likely filmed on a Hollywood set in late summer. The young girl was filmed on a different set in early fall. The establishing shot of the seaside town was filmed months earlier in California, not Maine. The song on the girlquot;s CD and the sounds of the crackling fire were recorded in a studio. But when you see the finished scene, all of the sounds and images work together. They appear to have taken place at one time and in one place. That is the magic of film editing. The Big Cut Editors select sounds and images from all the film that has been shot and arrange them to make the movie Murch, 1995, 46. They also plan how one shot will best transition to the next. Assembling the opening scene of Arson Hill, the editor might choose to begin with a wide shot of the bay, focusing on the white caps and buoys that dot the water. From the shot of the grass catching fire, the editor might decide to dissolve to the girl packing clothes into a box. There are dozens of possible transitions the editor can choose, each of which will create a different feeling. Editing often begins as soon as film has been shot. Early scenes are assembled for the producer and director to view. Occasionally, the actors will also view these early scenes. Many directors choose not to show actors these edited scenes for fear that they will affect the actorsquot; performance. The first cut of a film, called arough cut, takes up to three months to complete. The final cut may take another month to finish indieWire, 1999. Sometimes the editor works alone, sometimes with the director. The sound designer and music composer join them for the final cut, adding sound effects and the musical score. In the past, editors worked with copies of negatives called work prints to plan a filmquot;s scenes and transitions. When an editor was satisfied with the final film, he or she would create an edit decision list, a list of each shot in the film and its length. The list would correspond to numbers, edge numbers, printed on the edge of the work prints. These numbers helped a negative matcher accurately copy the work print and cut the negatives. Today most editors use computers or nonlinear digital editing systems to compile a film. This is more efficient, but for the most part, the process is the same. The work prints, complete with edge numbers, are stored in the computer. The editor arranges the work print, and then creates an edit decision list. Murch, 1995, 49-51 When the editing is complete and the director and producer have approved the final version of the film, this final cut is sent to a negative matcher. The negative matcher makes a negative of the film that exactly matches the final cut, and the negative is then sent to a film lab where prints are created. These prints eventually end up in theaters. Like many productions in life, numerous counts of setup and preparation are involved. The film industry is the largest grossing enterprise ever, employing millions of specialists to take on the great feat of creating never before told stories to share with the world.