Health and Behavioral Consequences of Binge Drinking in College Essay Example for Free

Health and Behavioral Consequences of Binge Drinking in College EssayObjective To examine the extent of binge drinkable by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and opposites on their campus.Design Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students.Setting One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993.Participants A total of 17,592 college students.Main Outcome Measures Self-reports of drinking behaviour, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems.Results Almost half(a) (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the studenst who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience seious health and other consequences of their drinking behaviour than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinki ng related problems, including injuries and amiable in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year.Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought sermon for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more liekly than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assualted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance.Conclusions Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers

Estee Lauder Essay Example for Free

Estee extoller EssayI. BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANYEste extoller Companies, Inc. founded by Estee laudator and her husband Joseph in 1946 started by merchandising four skin c atomic number 18 increases invented by her chemist uncle in saucer salons and hotels. The enterprise realized their first department store account with Saks Fifth Avenue in New York in 1947. By 1960, Estee extoller was an origination-wide manufacturer and marter, selling their crossings in the famous Harrods Department Store in London. In the subsequent years, they opened outlets in Central America, Denmark, Hong Kong, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Belgium, New Zealand and Switzerland. Today, Estee extoller foodstuffs its mathematical products through different brands in more than 140 countries and territories. It also holds the global license for redolences and cosmetics. The fellowship consists of a collecting of prestige brands targeted at a diverse selection of consumers.The groups portfolio of br ands includes the more or less recognized labels for mature customers (Estee lauder, Clinique, Prescriptives, Aramis, and La Mer), eco-correct labels (Aveda and Origins), as well as hip labels (M.A.C., Bobbi Brown, Tommy Hilfiger, Donna Karan, Stila, Jo Malone, Bumble and Bumble, Kate Spade, jane, Darphin and Smashbox). The Estee extoller Companies is an organization which engages in the manufacturing, marketing, and sale of several beauty products.The friendship is divided into four sectors, skin isthmus, makeup, fragrance, and hair c be. Estee Lauder is based in New York City and currently employs 32,300 people. The products argon by and large marketed through department stores, medium retailers, upscale perfumeries, pharmacies, salons, and spars. Additionally products argon sold at company owned free standing stores and through e-commerce in selected countries. The company is still controlled by the Lauder family, which controls about 70% of the voting shares. Estee Lauder s grandson is currently the chairman of the board of directors.II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis case analysis attempts to determine the most hard-hitting strategies Estee Lauder must use in the Philippines. To determine the main objective of this case the researchers center ones on the major components of the case analysis which are as followsA. market Analysis1. To what extent allow foring the Filipino consumer ordain backing or use Estee Lauder products? 2. What are demographic profiles of the target users of Estee lauder in the Philippines? 3. What are the information needs of the Filipino consumer to divert their patronage to Estee Lauder products?B. Technical Analysis1. found on the needs of the Filipinos what would consist the basic collection of Estee Lauder products that should be put up into Philippine markets? 2. Where the contingent locations that ordain effectively inform and market to the Filipino consumer the Estee Lauder products?III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The primary objective of this demand is to determine the most effective strategies Estee Lauder must use in the Philippines using market analysis and technical analysis.A. Market Analysis1. To determine the apprehension of the Filipino consumer on Estee Lauder products versus different beauty product competitors. 2. To verify the demographic profiles of the target users of Estee lauder in the Philippines. 3. To determine the information needs of the Filipino consumer to divert their patronage to Estee Lauder products.A. Technical Analysis1. To enumerate the possible collection of Estee Lauder products that should be put up into Philippine markets? 2. To plot possible locations that will effectively inform and market to the Filipino consumer the Estee Lauder products.IV. INDUSTRY ANALYSISA. Analysis of the Macro environment1. Demographic EnvironmentIn the nigh 20 years, on that point would be an expected increase of sales of cosmetic products because roughly 70 million people a round the world will distribute an income that will allow them to purchase such kind of product. In the next 40 years, aging population in the world will multiply by 2.5 times. With an increase in the worlds aging population, life expectancy would improve too.2. Social and Technological EnvironmentSocial environment is a long concept which may be affected by all factors to be considered in making analysis in the Macro environment of the company. There is a significant factor that may affect sale of products easily. Majority of the Filipino consumers especially those who live in the National Capital Region may support products easily because of the practice called mental colonialism. What is imported is better. Of course it is Filipinos tend to patronize imported products most especially those that are know for years. In fact, products made by the Estee Lauder Company are sold in some known malls all over the Metro Manila region. May it be cosmetics or fragrances consumer will buy it as long as they have the money. Social media affects Filipinos perception about a certain thing. If there is one thing that Estee Lauder to focus on in onerous to caught more attention from Filipinos, it shall be in the social media.I have noticed that they cannot be seen in the TV commercials, receiving set stations or even print ads. They appear in print ads but rarely with the local magazines. Since Estee Lauder is based in London, cosmetics are mostly designed for the white people. This company should create cosmetics that are compatible with the Asian skin especially to the Filipinos. Filipinos are fond of social net operative sites which may be an value of Estee Lauder to advertise products internationally easily and can hear feedbacks with just a click.Since Estee Lauder legal injurys ranges from mid-high to high, not all Filipinos can afford to have a single product on their pouches. Mid-range to elite people may patronize the product continuously but not those who ar e tight with the budget. Filipinos should be awake that though it may be a little expensive, the bill spent is worth e rattling product. It has been a practice that those who cant have those products, eluding to an imitation of the original. I believe, these products should be innovated even more where in all Filipinos can afford to use Estee Lauder products in their daily routine. They should know the astronomic difference between the original and the imitation. What is it? We should see it ourselves. 3. Economic EnvironmentAll sectors of the cosmetics industry showed growth in the Philippines in 2008/2009, according to Euromonitor. Beauty and personal give care sales were US$2.26bn, a 2% rise year on year. The highest growth was in colour cosmetics (7.9%), skin care (6.3%), deodorants (4.3%), hair care (4%) and fragrance (2.9%). The mass market is dominant in the Philippines, accounting for 96.3% of all john and shower sales. As elsewhere in the southeast Asian region, the ma jor players are foreign multinationals Unilever, followed by Procter Gamble, LOral, Este Lauder and Shiseido, according to the trade association Chambers of Cosmetics Industry of the Philippines (CCIP). In the beauty and personal care sector, Colgate-Palmolive is the third largest company, behind Unilever who in 2009 adopted a system of offering smaller-sized packaging, targeted at middle and lower income consumers and Procter Gamble, according to Euromonitor.The economic slowdown in the Philippines has prompted growth in direct selling. Companies such as US-owned Avon and Philippines-based Ever Bilena Cosmetics adopted commitments to boosting revenues through discounts and tapped into a female labour market keen to increase household incomes. The market appears to be remaining vibrant. Between January 2009 and January, 2010, 511 in the raw cosmetics products were launched in the Philippines, according to market research group Mintel the highest number (176) was in skin care , followed by soap and bath products (131) and hair products (108).B. Competitive Analysis1. Intensity of the Rivalry Among Existing CompetitorsEste lauders brands face coarse rival in the cosmetics industry. Internationally it competes with Loreal, Avon, Revlon, Elizabeth Arden and advertise Escentuals. Though there are a lot of competitors in the industry, Estee lauder consists of various products that competes on each of them. Este Lauders all- instinctive products face competition from Bare Esentuals. Its mid-end products compete against Revlon, Avon, and Elizabeth Arden. Additions to these competitors are the local companies in the Philippines like Ever Bilena and Careline. Rivalry intensifies because there are a lot of companies that are in to beauty products. Competition is more intense because of the local brands that use price cuts or other marketing tactics to boost unit volume.And because most Filipinos are thrifty, ambition is stronger when the cost incurred by custo mers to switch their purchases from one brand, like Estee Lauder to another, like Careline, are low. Competitors might get a close competition with some EL products. But because of its variations of beauty products Estee lauder possesses, it still rises above the others internationally. Its professional makeup brands, M.A.C. and Bobbi Brown face significantly less competition because of their target marked of specialise clientele. In more than 25 years, Ever Bilena has become the number one Filipino brand. It has penetrated an industry dominated by global giants, and have made products outstrip suited for our Filipina consumers with international fictional character at inexpensive price.Ever Bilena and Careline cater products that are way too cheap compare to EL and other international beauty companies. Ever Bilena and Careline target market are different from the target market of EL. They target teenagers who need beauty products for their bothday use. It outwits EL by selling their products in a very low price. Our country is considered as third world so along with that it gives EB and Careline the edge among competitors because of the market it targets, basically the Masa.Estee lauder is known for its record and expertise in beauty products. EL has been in the industry for years. They have gained loyal customers as time pass by, and as fiber of their products modify along with it. They got an edge among other competitors just by the name it carries. But in the Philippines, those who cannot afford high-end beauty products will definitely not patronize Estee lauder products. Its a really tough completion EL have in the Philippines, but it still stand a chance in competing with other local products because of the colonial mentality of the Filipino, love for foreign products. 2. Threat of the New EntrantsLocally, the barrier is high but we can say that there is a great chance of any other aspiring businessman to enter into the industry. Economies of sca le act as a great barrier to entry, and with EL, its sales for the past hardly a(prenominal) years. The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. today reported a strong pecuniary performance for its fourth quarter and fiscal year ended June 30, 2012 based on the financial statement posted via internet. In line with these facts gathered, we can say that the stability of the company is very strong that becomes a barrier for new entrants. Its capital unavoidableness established in the industry by Estee Lauder is so large that it becomes a discouragement for the new companies planning to enter the industry. Another barrier is the Estee Lauder product specialism. It offers different products that create a barrier by forcing entrants to incur expenditure to overcome existing customer loyalties.New entrants must spend a great deal of money and time to overcome this barrier. Filipinos will always patronize products that are affordable and with good quality. They can enter the industry by taking the form of aggressive price-cutting and increased in advertising. Estee Lauder is considered as high-end beauty products for the Filipinos. Only hardly a(prenominal) can afford to buy fragrances, skin cares and play Estee Lauder offers. If the new entrant penetrates in the market by having the strategy of offering its products in a relatively low- price, it will definitely boom Filipino consumers. Watson beauty care, easily took Filipino patronage by selling different variety of products in a low prices. The barrier is really high when it comes to reputation and quality. But in the Philippines, the door in entering the industry is very much open to those who are willing to produce quality products in affordable prices.3. Bargaining origin of the BuyersThe consumers can bargain in this industry simply because they are the buyers purchases are a sizable percentage of the selling industrys total sales. The products are unimportant to the quality of the customers product or service. The item being purchased is sufficiently standardized among sellers that not only can buyers find alternative sellers.4. Bargaining Power of the SuppliersSuppliers do not play a big roll and have little bargaining power in this market. Big brands like Este Lauder develop essential ingredients in their own RD department, and only outsource basic and non-value-adding chemicals and packaging.5. Threats of Product SubstituteAs a rule, the lower the price of substitutes and the higher the quality and performance of substitutes, the more intense are the competitive pressures posed by substitute products. We Filipinos go for the ones that are almost free of charge that gives us the corresponding result that a costly product offers. We are the most resourceful race. Filipinos are naturally creative and imaginative people.Filipinos can invent a lot of things to substitute any products just so they can save money. We are also fan of herbal products which is the result of our being authentic Fil ipinos. Along with these ideas, the threats of product substitute are very high in the Philippines. Though Estee Lauder produce a brands, Aveda and Clinique, which focus on producing products made with natural ingredients and anti-allergens, many will still go for the naturals, literally, to make their skin or hair really good.V. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISThreats* Intense competition in cosmetics has increased and market initiators with quality providers are a serious threat to the pissed. * New entrants, even though the market has considerably mature in the sense that it has captured customer loyalty, but there is always room for improvement in this field. * Counterfeit commodities affect the sales of the branded commodities. 9%, according to the Global Congress on Combating Counterfeiting, of all the world trade comprises counterfeit goods.Opportunities* New markets are emerging in various countries where the firm can inject its products, such as India, China (known to be the second largest cosmetics market in Asia) etc. * Markets where wealthy rule is also a good opportunity to tap in because of the tendency of the wealthy to own opulence commodities. * Many nations are growing to be beauty conscience every passing day the firm will do well in cabaret to tap-in without any delay and initiate in order to get customer loyalty attached to its products. * Diversification of the distribution channels.* Expansion to global markets, worldwide.Weaknesses* Lack of ducking regarding customer value (Client.) * Profit oriented (loses sight of the customer) * Weak Liquidity Position (decline in the firms liquidity in the past few years.) * Distribution Networks lack of reach to other viable markets. * Declining operating income in various market marks the weak penetration of the products in those specific markets. Strengths* Strong Brand Reputation (The brand is associated with luxury quality. Also has a strong brand portfolio). * Research Development (Role model and leader in identifying consumer needs, and preferences and developing products accordingly). * Strong Distribution Network (The products are sold to a limited stores that compliments the image of the brands such as department stores, upscale perfumeries, intensity level stores, professional hairdressers etc. specially in U.S.) * Vigorous Revenue Profitability (Net Earnings for fiscal year 2010 $478 million while Net sales were $7.8 billion.) * 31,000 employees working under its umbrella, full-time. (approximate value) * Products are sold in more than 150 countries.* Powerful marketing techniques used by the firm Free Gift, Gift-With-Purchase, Makeup Artist Events (for trying out the new products) etc. * Operations and cost maintenance with the firm holds a strong positive attitude in the long run. * Regulations are increase delinquent to the voicing of different groups about harmful chemical ingredients in cosmetic products.VI. GENERIC STRATEGIESDifferentiationDifferentiation is a competitive business strategy whereby firms attempt to gain a competitive advantage by increasing the perceived value of their products and services relative to the perceived value of other firms products and services Charles W.L. Hill, Gareth R. JoneNo other companies has done better than Estee Lauder company. They are already on top but the concept of being alone(p) or different is far more important today that it was years ago. The company should consider strategies in differentiation. First, they can use quality/price differentiation for Estee Lauder. The company can improve more on the quality of their cosmetic products so that customers will build loyalty to the company. Next, said company could use product differentiation by adding more features, specifications, design or the image, packaging and benefits on their products.Also, they can use differentiation by re purviewing. To regain its position as a premium product, Este Lauder must reposition itself. A successful repos itioning would require the Este Lauder brand to develop a profit brand image and provide its customers with something that is unique. There are a few possibilities that Este Lauder could take Este Lauder could emphasize the natural ingredients in a product, the romance and sexiness, or the technology involved in a product. Another possibility for Este Lauder would be to create a new brand image through the release of a sub-brand. In considering each of these strategies, it is also important to take into account how Este Lauders competitors will react.Natural Ingredients. Currently, Este Lauders customers are not interested in the naturalness of the ingredients used in Este Lauder skincare products. This is manifest by the fact that Este Lauder does not promote the natural ingredients and yet they still have customers. To redefine the brand as one that emphasizes natural products might ostracize the current Este Lauder customers. In addition to this, the natural ingredient skincare market is not high-end. The main competitors in that market are Biotherm and Clarins. These brands are well recognized by those customers that place natural ingredients above technology however, they cannot demand as high a price as Este Lauder for their skincare products. This would not be a wise move for Este Lauder.Romance. Another option for Este Lauder would be to position the brand so that it is appealing for those women who desire the romance and sexiness that is associated with cosmetics. This positioning strategy would place Este Lauder in direct competition with Lancme. As Lancme is a French brand, it already has an advantage over Este Lauder as France is widely associated with romance.The Este Lauder brand would have to work very hard to overcome Lancmes natural advantage. A first glance comparison of an Este Lauder and a Lancme booth at Macys will show that Este Lauders image is lacking the luscious, red lips of Lancme. Instead, Este Lauders image is of the elegant Caro lyn Murphy and Liya Kebede. Their images are beauteous but distant and lacking passion. To rework this image would be extremely difficult. Direct competition with Lancme would also be unfavorable.By more heavily show its technology, Este Lauder also has the opportunity to occupy the trendy end of the technology market as opposed to being a complete dermatologist-brand. This is due to the elegance and fashion that is associated with Este Lauder. Presently, the bestsellers in the skincare market in general are anti-aging formulas. In the growing Asian skincare market, the bestsellers are anti-aging and color formulas. Both these formulas rely heavily on technology, so it is a good time for dermatologist-brands to enter the market. By occupying the trendy end of the technology market, Este Lauder will have a good position against these strong new entrants.VII. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTIONEstee Lauder can implement Horizontal Integration where the company will buy another company. I f they really want to increase the sales in the Philippines, they can buy local brands and kill the competition.VIII. RECOMMENDATION/ CONCLUSIONBased on the data gathered we can conclude the following1. Filipinos are aware of Estee Lauder and they consider this as a very high-end product. They patronize competing product that offers more reasonable price. Estee Lauder should formulate products that they can offer to Masa, a product for Filipinos. Same as to what LOreal did in the Philippines, when they introduced shampoo and conditioner that is close to the price of local brands. 2. Estee Lauders target market is middle-aged female whose buying power is relatively secure and thus are less price-sensitive. Filipinos are price sensitive, with that they should formulate strategy that is similar from the first conclusion. 3. Filipinos need lots of information about beauty care. We should be informed about the importance of Estee Lauders product, and what are the difference between their product to other companies and substitute product we are using.They should increase their advertisements in the Philippines. Technically, they are so known in the industry that they dont need any advertisement, but Filipinos are fan of idiot box that they rely mostly to what they see on TV. 4. The collection should consist of products that can be offered to middle market. It should be affordable and with good quality. The collection should be focusing on whitening skin and affordable cosmetics. 5. off from department stores and exclusive beauty shops, Estee Lauder should try putting up a place for their products in drugs store like Mercury and Watsons, which include every product they offer. They are already doing this but just to chosen products. They should start advertising their cosmetic products to these places where people have easy access and this will care people to get familiar to Estee Lauders product.

English Present: Simple And The Present Progressive

English Present primary And The Present ProgressiveIntroductionAs a t each(prenominal)er of English to Arabic speaking savants I have encountered a number of specific difficulties Arab school-age childs have in maste sinker the English language. In this paper, I would equivalent to focus on a peculiar(prenominal) grammatical problem they have in the ara of verb tenses beca physical exercise, of all the mistakes that my educatees receive, mistakes with verbs and verb tenses impede communication to the greatest degree.The specific problem I will hear to numerate at the atomic number 18a of verbs is the problem that Arabic loudspeaker systems have in using and confusing the nowadays imperfect tense. I will root the evidence for these mistakes on effective writing errors that Arabic students have made. Mistakes much(prenominal) as I am live in Abu Dhabi. come up frequently in my students writing.This paper is fundamentally a contrastive analysis since I feel that the s tudyity of my students problems in this area come from m separate tongue stay. However, as will be noteworthy below, this does not mean I rule out other sources of errors much(prenominal) as intralingual errors.The next is the outline of this paperIn the first section of this paper, I will describe the divers(a) aspects of the grammatical structure of the kick in elementary and the put progressive in the English language.In the support section of the paper, I will contrast the grammatical structure of the indicate simple and the present progressive with its Arabic counterparts. I will show how Arabic has structures that vary signifi give the axetly and radically from their English counterparts.In the third base section, I will introduce a number of examples takes from students written work and give an indepth analysis of the possible sources of the errors, generally with respect to mother tongue interference, just now similarly looking at some possible intralingual so urces for these errors as well.Finally, in the last section, I will attempt to designate a general theoretical approach to dealing with such problemsPart One A grammatical description of the English Present Simple and the Present ProgressiveThe simple present tenseAs we already know, the simple present of both verb (with the exception of the verb BE, which I will not be dealing with as a grammatical description since it is not the specific focus of this paper) is identical in every person with the basic unmarked base inning of the verb except for the third person forms he, she and it to which we generally add s or es (Quirk 1985, p.98). However, numerous irregularities arise in the recite and pronunciation of this third person form (Leicester 1998, 12.12)(Thomson 1986, p. 150).Questions are formed by using the auxiliaries do, does, in the present, and did in the past by putting all these originally the subject. Negation is formed in the same way using dont (or do not) and doesn t, (or does not) in the present, and didnt (or did not) in the past. These forms go after the subject. In addition, the verb must be changed to the basic form.The simple present is apply for statements that are always professedly, (e.g. The earth revolves roughly the sun.) (Azar 1989,p.2).The simple present is overly businessd for plaints, reachs or situations which are legitimate in the present period of cartridge clip and which, for all we know, may continue indefinitely, (e.g. Fatima goes to school at Zayed University.) (Azar 1989, p.2) What we are saying in these expressions is that this is how involvements stand at the present moment (Huddleston 1984, p.81).A further use of the simple present is for actions that are habitual, things that happen repeatedly, (e.g. We study a lot.) (Alexander 1988, p.163)(Quirke 1985, p.107).Observations and declarations are another(prenominal) use of the present simple, as in the sentence (It says here that in that location is a new n ight club opening.)(Alexander 19988, p.163).The present simple thunder mug also be used to express the future, especially when we want to express slopped certainty, (e.g. When we graduate, we will get jobs.). wrap, Huddleston, Lewis, Thomson and Quirke, et. al. also add eight other functions of the present simple which might come up in other contexts such asDemonstrations and commentaries (e.g. First, I take a bowl and break twain eggs in it, then..)The structures here comes and on that point goes, (e.g. here comes your husband.)Promises and oaths (e.g. I promise., I swear , He denies..)Formal correspondence (e.g. We write to advise you.)Instructions (e.g. You go left, turn upright.)Stories (e.g. In act unity, Hamlet meets the ghost of his father.), which Huddleston calls the past present.In expressions of visualiseing such as hear, see, gather (e.g. I hear youre getting married.)Finally, the simple present can be used in newspaper publisher headlines (e.g. RUSSIANS RAISE OBJECTIONS)Since there are so many instances of when to use the present simple, is there any way to summarize all of these? I concur with Lewis news report that the present simple1-Expresses an event as a total single point in time.2-Expresses an event as a matter of fact.3-Expresses an event as immediate rather than remote.The present progressive tenseBoth the simple and progressive forms usually tell us that an action takes place. But the progressive forms also tell us that an activity is or was, or will be, etc. in progress, or thought of as macrocosm in progress. In other paroles, the present progressive tells us that the speaker sees an action as taking place over a period of time as contradictory to a point in time. In addition researchers would add that the speaker sees the period as limited (Lewis 1986 Leech, 1975 Huddleston, 1984 Quirke, 1985).The present progressive tense is formed with the present of be (am/is/are) (which adds aspect and voice), said by Quirke to be t he finite verb, plus the ing form (the non-finite form) (Quirke 1985, p. 120). There are no complications with the additional ing form however the spelling of the ing has some irregularities and needs to be taught to students e.g. write, writing run, running begin, beginning lie, lying). (Alexander 1988 Huddleston 1984 Quirke 1985).Question formation takes place by switching the place of the auxiliary be and the subject. Negation is achieved by inserting not between the subject and the auxiliary or by contracting nt with the auxiliary verb forms (with the exception of the first person singular form am) (Quirke, 1985).In the classroom, the classical reason given for why we use the present progressive is that it shows an uncompleted action in progress at the time of speaking. To emphasise this, we often use adverbials like now, at the moment, just, etc. For example, Hes not home at the moment, hes working. (Quirke 1985).The present progressive can also be used to describe actions whi ch have not been casualty for long, or are thought of as being temporary situations, and which are going on around now, e.g. Abdullah is living with his aunt until he can find a place of his give birth..A further use of the present progressive is to refer to activities and events planned for the future. We generally use adverbials in such sentences unless the significance is clear from context, e.g. Were spending next Thursday in Abu Dhabi. (Azar 1989 Huddleston 1984 Quirke 1985).The present progressive can also be used to talk about developing and ever-changing situations, e.g. That child is getting bigger all the time. (Swan 1980).Sometimes the present progressive can be used to talk about feelings, such as I am feeling fine. or My back is hurting me..The present progressive is used to show repeated actions along with adverbs such as always, constantly, continually, forever, perpetually, and repeatedly, such as He is always helping people.. In this sense it conveys not temporar iness, but unbrokenness. (Leech 1975 Huddleston 1984).The present progressive also is used to show repeated actions that are happening around now, e.g. He is studying a lot of English these days. Why is he going to the library? (Swan 1980).Dynamic versus Stative Verbs in the present simple and the progressive tensesDynamic/progressive verbs refer to verbs which show actions which are deliberate or voluntary, e.g. Im building a house., or changing situations, e.g. Hes becoming fat.. Dynamic verbs can be used in both the progressive as well as the simple forms e.g. I eat at 500 (everyday). as opposed to Im eating now..Stative verbs (also known as non-progressive verbs) are verbs which indicate a state, condition or experience. Specifically, stative verbs fall into categories such as feelings (like, love), thinking/believe (think, know, realize), wants and preferences (need, want), perception and the senses (smell, see), and being, seeming, having, and owning (seem, look, appear). St ative verbs are generally not used in the progressive forms (Quirke 1985).However some stative verbs can be used in both the present simple and the progressive tenses, which results in a divergent meaning in each form, e.g. Im thinking of a solution. as opposed to I think he is the best man for the job. or These flowers smell good. as opposed to Latifa is smelling the flowers in the garden.) (Alexander 1988 Azar 1989 Azar 1986 Quirke 1985).The present simple versus the present progressiveSwan makes note of a number of areas where students might confuse the present simple with the present regular.A. We use the simple present to talk about things that are true for the present period of time, or, as was noted above, to say this is how things stand at the present moment for the foreseeable future. However, if the event is temporary and is taking place right now, we use the present progressive.Afrah studies at the Higher Colleges.Afrah is studying her English lesson.B. We use the prese nt progressive to talk about habitual actions if these are happening around the moment of speaking.Fayrouz and Fatima are prepa foretell for the Eid holidays.However, if the habitual action is not closely connected to the moment of speaking, we generally use the present simple.I go to Saudi Arabia erst every three years.C. Verbs that refer to physical feelings can sometimes be used in either the simple present or the present progressive.I feel great or Im feeling greatMy head hurts. or My head is hurting.(Swan 1980).PART TWO A grammatical description of the Arabic present simple and the present progressiveIn this part of the paper, I would like to give readers a very brief background of the Arabic verb system in regard to the simple present and the present progressive.The Arabic verb system is very complicated. However, this does not mean that a teacher has to master the Arabic language before s/he is able to pinpoint errors that may be a result of the interference of Arabic in En glish. One can study the Arabic language with the goal of simply understanding the structure, rather than with the goal of speaking and writing in the language.Let us first look at the present simple, then the present progressive, and finally the verb to be since all of these grammatical items are specifically relevant to the particular problem at hand.A.The Present SimpleIn Arabic, the formation of the present simple is radically divergent from English, since Arabic uses a root system made up of the three near important consonants (though two or four consonant roots do sometimes occur). In Arabic the three basic consonants (the root) stay the same but it is by changes in the vowels, the suffixes and the affixes that tense and number are indicated. It is vastly more complicated than the way some English verbs change tense by changing vowels, e.g. give, gave.For example, the sentence, he learns could be represented phonetically by ya-droo-soo. The d-r-s is the root, ya is the part that indicates this is a third person singular masculine verb (though this is not the pronoun). The pattern of the vowels and consonants (ya + c1 + c2+ oo + c3 + oo), lets the speaker know that this is the present tense. In contrast, the past could be represented by a take issueent pattern hence, he learned, dar-ah-sah has the pattern (c1 + ai or ah + c2 + ai or ah + c3 + ah) (and this is just one pattern out of ten)From a sentence point of view the verb in Arabic is not necessarily treated as the nucleus of a sentence and, in the case of the copula verb BE, can be omitted entirely (as we shall see below). The verb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence. standardised its English counterpart, the present simple tense in Arabic expresses a habitual action. There are other functions, but they are not relevant to this discussion.B.The Present ProgressiveIn general, the present simple form is also used in Arabic to express the idea of a continuous action occurring in the p resent. Hence, the English sentenceHe is working now. in Arabic becomes He works now.(represented phonetically by huwwah yaamaloo al eyn.)What is he doing? in Arabic becomes What does he do?(represented phonetically by mehzah yafaaloo al eyn?)Hence, in al almost all cases, the present simple form is used to show the idea of continuous action in the present. However, there is a single verb form in Arabic called the ism-ul-fail which is the exact parallel to the idea of continuous action. However, the resistence in Arabic is that the ism-ul-fail is used very sparingly compared to English and then only for some very specific verbs of actuatement, or verbs that indicate changing from one state to another (going up, going in, going garbage down, walking to a place, leaving a place, etc.).Since the ism-ul-fail is radically different in form from the English progressive it is doubtful that any interference in form occurs.C.A Few Points About The Verb BE as a CopulaAlthough BE as a copul a is not the focus of this paper, it does deserve mention here for two specific reasons. The first point is that BE in Arabic, when it is the copula in the present tense, is unwritten and unspoken (although this is not true of the copula in the past tense or the future where it is written and spoken). (Kharma, 1989, p. 89).For example, the literal translation of the sentence Ahmed is a student. is Ahmed student.. So it is conceivable that students might relinquish BE out as a copula OR as the helping verb in the present progressive because it does not exist in the present tense in Arabic (although there are other additional reasons why students might forget to add it to the present progressive as we shall see).The second point is that BE is used so often in English, in so many different kinds of structures, and that it is so irregular, that it might simply add to the awe of students (Kharma 1989, p. 161). Students who keep on being corrected for leaving out the verb to be when it is necessary, may for example, hypercorrect themselves and start to write it everywhere. Again, we shall explore this issue further below.PART threesome A look at some special K written errors made by Arabic speaking students when using the English present simple and present progressiveFinding the exact causes of any error can be a difficult and meticulous task. This is partly because there may be binary reasons as to why students make one particular error and these causes may also overlap at any given time. In addition, it is extremely problematic, even for a native speaker of both Arabic and English, (which I am) to know exactly what is going on linguistically in the mind of a student when s/he makes such an error.However, having said that, even with these obstacles, we can at least make some good hypotheses and lists of possibilities as to why these errors occur with our own students. As a result, we will be able to generate classroom strategies and methods in order to corre ct and remedy these sorts of mistakes. The following categories of errors are the most common that I have found in students written work with regards to the simple present versus the present progressive. I will look at each kinsfolk in turn, and offer an analysis of the sources for these types of error. class OneFatima studies now.Ahmed does his homework now.In these sentences, the intention of the Arabic speaking writer seems to be to convey the meaning of what in English would be a present continuous action, expressed by the present continuous tense. This is clear by the use of the adverb now or in the case of other examples not shown here, from other adverbs or the context of the sentence. In examples one and two, the Arabic speaker seems to be transferring the rules of his native language into English. The Arabic speaker usually uses only the present simple to express events that would be expressed in English by both the present simple and the present continuous.Category TwoMar iam cant talk, she eating now.This kind of mistake is a bit more problematic in terms of analysis. It could be that the Arabic speaker, feeling that the plentiful meaning of the action is expressed in the verb with the ing, has decided that the am/are/is forms are redundant and unnecessary. It could also be the case that this mistake is a level transfer of a particular grammatical form in Arabic. In certain cases Arabic speakers do express the present continuous with a verb and prefix change (called ism-ul-fail), but without the corresponding be form. For example, the literal translation of the sentence Ahmed is running. is Ahmed running. .Category ThreeAre you knowing the way to Dubai?I am deficient to see my family.In this case, the student has learned the present progressive form, but is over generalizing it to all verbs (or perhaps does not remember or has not been taught the rules for exceptions such as the above). These types of errors could very well be intralingual.This o ver generalization could also be found in sentences that have the function of explaining, demonstrating teaching or narrating such asNext I am pouring the oil into the cooking pan.Ali is passing the ball to the goalkeeper.Category FourI am live in Abu Dhabi.We are study English.This category is probably the most difficult to analyze. This is because it is unclear whether the Arabic speaker is making the mistake of adding the additional am/is/are form while discovering to use the present tense, or making the mistake of forgetting to use the present participial while trying to use the present progressive tense. That is, did the speaker consider to say I live in Abu Dhabi. and use the extra am form by mistake, or did s/he intend to say I am living in Abu Dhabi. and forget the correct present participle form? Of course, there are other possibilities but these seem like the two most likely.We must obviously look at the context of the paragraph to see if we can get the gist of what the speaker meant. The following is a more detailed analysis of these two possibilities from the standpoint of the students reasoning.1. If we believe from the context that the student was trying to use the present simple and added the additional am in error, then the following analyses applyA. The student may be confused by the lack of inflectional endings in English, since Arabic is a passing inflected language, and every personal pronoun has a distinct corresponding inflected verb form. The similarity of the verb forms in I live, you live, etc. may seem very awkward to the Arabic speaker. Hence, they may want to remedy the situation by distinguishing the verb forms in some way by, for example, adding an exceedingly familiar and overused verb form like am, are, or is.B. The student may be over generalising based on what they have learned about the present continuous. That is, they may have learned how to form the present continuous quite easily since there is no mother tongue interf erence from Arabic, (although they may not have mastered its use). They then may go on to conclude that every verb in the present simple or present continuous in English needs to be preceded by am/is/are.C. Similarly, the student may be hypercorrecting. They may have been corrected so many times for forgetting to use the verb BE in their sentences e.g. Ahmed happy, that they may start to feel that every sentence needs the verb BE.2. However, if we believe that the student was trying to use the present continuous tense and used the present simple live (instead of the present participle living), then the following analyses applyA. The student may not have correctly understood how to form the present participle by adding ing to the end of the verb.B. peradventure students have simply forgotten to add the ing prefix because the structure is so different in their language.This is by no means an exhaustive analysis. However, these are, from my experience and quislingism with other colle agues, both native and non-native speakers, some of the major possibilities.PART FOUR Pedogogical implications of the above research for teaching the present simple and the present progressive to Arabic speaking studentsFrom the evidence I have presented here, I believe it is clear that many of the mistakes in using the present simple and the present progressive in form (such as omission of the verb to be in the simple present for Arabic speakers, e.g. I studying), as well as other mistakes in exercising (e.g. using the simple present when the present progressive is required) seem to be traceable directly to Arabic mother tongue interference. Based on my analyses, course session and discussion with colleagues, I do feel that in this particular area, teachers of EFL to Arabic speakers must consider mother tongue interference as a major impediment to learning the present tense versus the present progressive.If we know that mother tongue interference is the cause of many errors, what should this imply for our teaching? One thing which I think it does not imply is that we teach English from the point of view of the mother tongue. For example, trying to get students to understand English grammar through word for word translations or using the grammatical structure of Arabic to help students to understand the grammatical structure of English are only useful in certain cases, and then only by someone who is a master of both languages.My experience in reading the research, being bilingual and talking to Arabic speaking students who are at the final stages of their English studies leads me to believe that, at least in the case of Arabic and English, that the two languages are sufficiently different that they are both best looked at in their own respective grammars. Students must be made, not only to think in English, but to understand English grammar in terms of English grammar without constantly switching back and forth to compare it with Arabic. Such practices are ineffective and will cause con fusion among students.As Lewis says students should never expect the foreign language to be like their own..the fact that English has verb forms that contain be as an auxiliary does not suggest that other languages ought to have a corresponding form.students should be positively encouraged to explore the foreign language within itself rather than through the expectations they engage from their own. (Lewis, 1986, pp. 164-165).In addition, I should add that intralingual factors can also be at work when students make such errors (in addition to context specific factors like student motivation, teaching style and competence, etc.). For example, on the intralingual side, we know that students of ESL from many different language groups and even children make common mistakes with the verb to be. Therefore, many such mistakes might be intralingual. (Mattar 1989). Hence, when we try to analyse our students errors we should not be prejudiced to any one theory a nd we should try to be open to looking at all possible sources of errors.What we as teachers should be doing in the classroom is continually collecting research on student errors and student learning styles in order to form hypotheses about why such errors occur and why such one approach worked and another didnt. We should then be trying to test these hypotheses to see if they are true or not, and afterwards share this information w ith other teachers in similar situations. Only then will we be able to understand why students make errors and what is the most effective way to correct them.Cell Membrane Structure And FunctionCell Membrane Structure And FunctionA booth is a dynamic and a complex structure surrounded by a tissue layer known as the plasma tissue layer. This acts like a barrier between the inside of the carrel and the outside resulting in different chemical environments on the two sides. The stallular phone tissue layer is not restricted to the outer surface but is al so present inside surrounding the organelles. These biological membranes have played a crucial role in the evolution from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, there is only one type of membrane present i.e. the plasma membrane but the unicellular eukaryotes have intracellular membranes compartmentalizing its contents into different functional domiciliate known as organelles. Each organelle though performs its own specific function, they cross-talk with each other via these membranes in order to work as a unit. Further, different cells in multicellular eukaryotes communicate with each other through these membranes.The membrane, therefore serves a dual purpose of both protecting the interior of the cell from its outside(a) environment and also appends a communication interface between the cell and its surroundings or other cells. The diverse functions performed by biological membranes can be attributed to the molecular composition and structure of these membrane s.Models for Cell Membrane StructureIt took almost a century to develop the present accepted posture of a cell membrane based on various physiological and biophysical studies. Physiological experiments involving the behave of blood cells and ions across the membrane by Overton in 1899 suggested that the membrane is composed of lipidee molecules. Later, Langmuir (1917) showed that lipids when disperse on water using Langmuir trough form a monomolecular layer on the surface of the water by calculating the area per lipid molecule. The aquaphobic chase of these lipids were bent and protruding out from the surface of the water. When this method for measuring the area per lipid molecule was applied to the lipids extracted from the known amount of erythrocyte membranes, Gorter and Grendel (1925) conclude that the lipids exist as a bilayer and not a monolayer in a membrane giving birth to the lipid- bilayer membrane model.In 1935, Danielli and Davson elaborated on the model based on the studies measuring the surface tension that membranes are made up of phospholipid bilayer sandwiched between two protein layers. Based on optical imaging of membrane morphology using electron microscopy, Robertson argued that the basic structure of all the membranes is same and proposed the Unit Membrane Model in 1959 . Several other studies review or book suggested that the lipid bilayer has fluid-like properties with lipids and proteins floating in it. Studies of proteins present in erythrocytes membrane and that extracted from other membranes led Singer and Nicolson to classify membrane proteins as peripheral and integral proteins and finally proposing the changeable Mosaic Model in 1972 . This is the most accepted model describing the structure of a cell membrane. According to this model, mosaic of protein molecules is embedded within the fluid of lipid bilayer which is supported by the freeze-fracture studies of the plasma membrane (Figure).Composition of MembranesMembrane LipidsThe lipid bilayer is only 5 to 10nm thick organized in distinct regions primarily attributed to the hydrophobic effect caused due to the amphipathic nature of these molecules with both polar and the non-polar regions (Figure). The interactions of these regions with the aqueous environment have been studied with various techniques like x-ray reflectometry,1 neutron scattering2HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayercite_note-Zaccai1975-1 and nuclear magnetic resonance.In order to exclude the non-polar regions from the aqueous environment, lipid molecules arrange in such a manner so that the hydrophobic tails point inwardly towards each other and the polar head groups are exposed on the outside facing the water. The outermost region on either side of the bilayer is completely provide and is typically around 8-9 thick. The hydrophobic core of the bilayer is typically 3-4nm thick. The intermediate region is partially hydrated and is approximately 3 thick.These lipid m olecules arrange ad libitum naturally or artificially in solution to form structures like micelles and liposomes (Figure). Micelles are monolayer spherical structures formed by lipid molecules in aqueous environment. On the other hand, liposomes are concentric bilayer of fluid-filled vesicles surrounding the water compartment on both the surfaces.The membrane of the animal cells is composed primarily of three major types of lipids phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol with phospholipids being the most abundant (Figure). The polar head groups of these phospholipids contain a phosphate group and either a glycerol (known as phosphoglycerides) or sphingosine. There are four major phospholipids present in the animal cells, three are phosphoglycerides namely phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and the fourth sphingomyelin is the only sphingolipid. The heads of glycolipids contain a sphingosine with one (known as cerebroside) or more sugars (known as g anglioside) attached to it. Cholesterol is a sterol molecule with a small hydrophilic hydroxyl group and a rigid ring structure that stabilizes the bilayer.Membrane ProteinsThe membrane consists of different types of proteins accounting for 25-75% of the mass of the membrane and are categorized based on their interactions with the lipid bilayer (Figure). Moreover, the manner in which a protein is associated with the membrane is indicative of its function. Integral or intrinsic proteins are embedded with in the lipid bilayer. These could be transmembrane proteins spanning the entire length of the bilayer and possess hydrophobic domains which are anchored to hydrophobic lipids and hydrophilic domain interacting with external molecules. They could have only one membrane-spanning (single pass transmembrane proteins, e.g. glycophorin) or multispanning (multi-pass transmembrane proteins, e.g. band3 protein of erythrocyte) segments. The transmembrane segments have helical e.g. bacteriorhod opsin or - barrel structures. These proteins can be extracted from the phospholipid bilayer only by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions by using detergents like SDS or Triton-X 100.Peripheral or the extrinsic proteins, on the other hand, are loosely enclose to the hydrophilic lipid and protein groups on the surface of the membrane by weak ionic interactions. These can be easily removed with high salt or extreme pH without disrupting the phospholipid bilayer. Lipid-anchored proteins are covalently bound to lipid molecule which in turn anchors the protein in the cell membrane. The lipid can be phosphatidylinositol, a dipper acid or a prenyl group.Membrane CarbohydratesCarbohydrate moieties are present on the non-cytoplasmic surface of the membrane covalently attached to either protein or lipid molecules forming glycoproteins or glycolipids. These carbohydrates help in orientation of protein molecules on the cell surface and sorting in cellular compartments. The glycocalyx or the cell coat is the layer of carbohydrates on the cell surface that protects it and participates in the cell-cell interaction. The carbohydrates of the glycolipids of the erythrocytes membrane determine the ABO blood groups in human.Fluidity of MembranesUnder physiological conditions, phospholipid molecules in the membrane are in the still crystalline state and the molecules are not physically attached to each other so, they can move within the bilayer. These movements could be within a monolayer i.e. rotational and lateral or between two layers i.e. flip-flop. Flip-flop movements are rare and slower compared to the other two as it requires energy for a lipid molecule to traverse from one layer to the other. Besides, some proteins also move in the membrane as concluded from studies based on human-mouse cell hybrids produced by fusion of human and mouse cells Frye and Michael Edidin in 1970 and FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) experiments (Figure).Fluidity in the cell membrane is attributed to its lipid composition. The cis-unsaturated fatty acids with kinks in their hydrocarbon tails and shorter lengths of the tails increase the fluidity by preventing the ordered packing of phospholipids in the bilayer. Cholesterol molecules present in the bilayer affects its fluidity differently at different temperatures because of its rigid ring structure. It reduces the fluidity by decreasing the movement of adjacent phospholipids but at low temperatures, it increases the fluidity by preventing solidification Alberts.Fluidity of the membrane allows different molecules like proteins to interact with each other to perform various processes like transport of molecules and cell signalling. Moreover, membrane fluidity is required for various cellular processes like cell movement and cell division.Asymmetry of MembranesThe two cusps, that is, the interior(a) and the outer monolayer portions of the lipid bilayer differ in their physical and chemical properties. Th is is due to the asymmetric organization of the various components of the membrane. For example, glycolipids and glycoproteins are always present on the non-cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. Membrane regions differ in their lipid composition. The outer leaflet contains predominantly phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin whereas, the inner leaflet contains phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The inner leaflet also consists of phosphatidylinositol which play a key role in the transfer of stimuli from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm Cooper. The membrane proteins also differ in their distribution in the two leaflets. For example, spectrin and ankyrin are present on the inner surface of the erythrocytes membrane forming a fibrillar membrane skeleton. GPI-anchored proteins ar present on the external surface of the membrane. The asymmetry of the membrane suggested different roles played by the components of the membrane present on the two surfaces (Figure eg int estinal epithelial cell membraneTight junction , lateral movements).Lipid RaftsThe plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells have specialized regions known as lipid rafts which differ in their composition from the rest of the membrane. These detergent-resistant and heterogeneous microdomains are rich in cholesterol, sphingolipids and certain proteins. Lipids in these rafts are more highly ordered and tightly packed as compared to the rest of the lipid bilayer. Various studies have attributed diverse roles like in transport of cholesterol, endocytosis, signal transduction, intracellular trafficking and neural development and function to these lipid rafts. Caveolae is an example of lipid rafts which are the invaginated domains in the plasma membrane. In caveolae, a protein caveolin is associated with the cholesterol in the lipid raft. It plays roles in membrane internalisation and cell signaling. Pike et al, 2002 Wary et al, 1998 Huang et al, 1999 Rothberg et al, 1992 (Review Razani Lisan ti, 2001. Exp. Cell Research 271 36-44).Might not in endocytosis Thompsen et al, 2002 see lipid rafts 4 referencesFunctions of membranesMembranes act as boundaries between the cell and its environment and are essential for maintaining the integrity of the cell and the various membrane-bound organelles within the cell, regulating the transport of materials into and out of the cell, responding to external and internal stimuli, and cell-to-cell recognition.The proteins present on the inner surface of the plasma membrane provides shape and maintains the integrity of the cell by anchoring the cytoskeleton found underlying the cell membrane in the cytoplasm. The major component of the cytoskeleton of the most well studied erythrocyte membrane is the fibrous protein spectrin. This protein interacts with other peripheral proteins like ankyrin, actin and tropomyosin. Dystophin, a member of the spectrin family is found in the membrane skeleton of vigour cells. The importance of these protein s is suggested by the fact that mutations in dystrophin leads to muscular dystrophy.Regulated transport of materials across the membrane is due to the amphipathic nature of the lipid bilayer. Therefore, the membranes are selectively pervious and the ability of a molecule or ion to traverse the bilayer depends majorly on its polarity and also on the size. Non-polar molecules like O2, N2 and benzene and small polar molecules like H2O, glycerol, carbamide and CO2 can pass the membrane but large uncharged (e.g. glucose), polar molecules (e.g. sucrose) and ions (e.g. H+, Na+, HCO3, Cl) are not able to dole out easily across membranes. Hence, various mechanisms are required for transport of materials across the membrane, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport for micromolecules and exocytosis and endocytosis for macromolecules.In simple diffusion, substances diffuse down their concentration gradient. In facilitated diffusion, movement of molecules down th e concentration gradient is facilitated by channel and carrier proteins (e.g. glucose transporter). On the other hand, active transport requires energy to move solutes against their gradients and can be classified into primary or secondary active transport depending on the source of energy. The primary active transport depends on the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate and is of different types P (e.g. Na+ K+ ATPase, Figure), F and V types and the ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters. In secondary active transport, specific solute indirectly drives the active transport of another solute and does not involve the hydrolysis of ATP. Secondary active transport may include either symport (e.g. Na+/Glucose transporter) or antiport (Cl-/HCO3 exchanger). The macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides are transported by endocytosis (from inside the cell to the outside) and exocytosis (from outside into the cell) (Figure).Cell membrane is also involved in cell-cell communicatio n. Specialized membrane structures like gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants provide the cytoplasmic continuity between cells. Tight junctions and desmosomes help in attachment of a cell to other cells or the extracellular matrix forming tissues.Membrane also maintains cell potential by creating chemical and electrical gradient.Cell signaling Signals through chemical messengers (chemical or electrical stimuli) acting on the membrane receptors most of them being proteins. These signals are then transduced in the cell leading to a cascade of events in the cell. Specific for different cells like Gprotein, Tyrosine-kinase receptorsPeripheral proteins act as enzymes e.g. and receptorsIn summary, biological membranes are the complex and dynamic structures composed of variety of proteins embedded in the fluid of the lipid bilayer. The amphipathic nature of the lipid bilayer and the diversity of membrane proteins are responsible for the involvement of biological membranes in large number of cellular processes.

Ethical Views On The Subject Of Cosmetics Testing Philosophy Essay

Ethical Views On The Subject Of Cosmetics Testing Philosophy EssayIn order to guarantee the safety of cosmetics which include harmful chemicals, many enterprises which produce cosmetics including harmful chemicals would do puppet and (or) valet de chambre tests, as Dutch Cosmetics would do for acquiring the merchandise access for its newly developed glow-in-the-dark make-up. As for Dutch Cosmetics, it pass on confront an ethical puzzle whether brutes can be injected high doses of burning chemicals which leave behind make them painful and harmed, and whether trusting slew in a develop country can be conducted chemical tests which may harm them. This essay will firstly argue and solve the puzzle from the viewpoint of utilitarianism, following that it will do it from the viewpoint of Kantian ethics, and fin tout ensembley it will do it from the viewpoint of rectitude ethics.The viewpoint of UtilitarianismFrom the viewpoint of Utilitarianism, which is an ethics ignorantd on co nsequence (Ethical Theory, p. 38), the superlative good (happiness/pleasure) for greatest number is the criteria to justify whizz act (Ethical Theory, p. 38), animal and human testing is not the right thing. According to Mill, pleasures not only include base and physical unrivaleds, but also higher, aesthetical and intellectual ones (Ethical Theory, p. 40). plain, Utilitarianism is applied for selecting one right act among a few acts, by subtracting pain from pleasure. The act whose total net is greatest is the right act. The greatest number includes all(prenominal) concerned who are affected by the proposed action. Maybe it includes every person on the earth and animal (Ethical Theory, p. 40). For chemical tests would be conducted by Dutch Cosmetics to deject the market access for its newly developed glow-in-the-dark make-up, the following population and animals would be affected Animals. Puppies and kittens that are so near and sentientwith us will be harmed by high dose of burning chemicals and will pain. Certainly, they can not get any pleasures from the experiment. Unsuspecting state in a developing country. Unsuspecting throng in a developing country who will be conducted test probably will be harmed by burning chemicals. Consumers. They are capable of acquire some pleasures from beautiful, trendy and stimulative glow-in-the-dark make-up. However, such thing may be harmful to their health due to the make-up includes burning chemicals, and they must pay capital which can render them other pleasures for it. Besides, they may feel painful when they know the producing of the cosmetic they are consuming has done harm on animals and people, for many people would feel uncomfortable when they see animal painful or even think of their pain. Myself. As the vice-president of Dutch Cosmetics to make decision, I must consider all pleasures and pain of greatest number including myself. As a person, I dislike paining puppies and kittens. Maybe I am indiffer ent of them, the probability of the former is greater, and conducting chemical tests on unsuspecting people in a developing country perhaps irritates my feelings of justice. As a manager and decision maker, I should think about the remuneration of the bon ton, which means I have to concern the benefits and costs, the risk of the experiment, etc. Consequently, more profits will give me more income, and maybe advance, which perhaps will give me pleasure. Nonethe slight, I maybe feel painful on account of public unsatisfaction if my decision irritates popular due to the harm on animals and people conducted chemical tests. Investors in Dutch Cosmetics. If the glow-in-the-dark make-up is popular, they will make profits certainly, which may make them happy. But as a person, an investor maybe feels painful because his investment harms animals and people. Labourers. On one hand, they face painful animals and cheated people conducted chemical tests directly, which perhaps makes them painfu l. On the other hand, they get work and salary due to the experiment, which may make them happy. Clearly, it is possible for them to get other job which may make them happier. Co-workers. They would get more income if the new product is successful, which might make them happy. However, they perhaps feel painful because their own company does harms on animals and people conducted tests.To judge if the proposed experiment is the right act, the net total calculated by abstracting pain from pleasure must be compared with that of undoing animal experiment and chemical tests on unsuspecting people. The alternative that tests are conducted on people who give informed consent can be supposed. Often the selective information from animal experiment is not fit for people because they have different attributes. in the exploitation of new type of cosmetics, pleasures people get are less than the pain animals suffered, thats why Harold Fenberg, the chairperson of the American Accreditation for th e Care of Laboratory Animal Committee stated that the testing of cosmetics is frivolous and should be abolished (Jamieson and Regan, 1982, p. 140). As to tests conducted on unsuspecting people in a developing country, if the fact of tests is known by these people, they will feel irritated and painful by such cheating act, albeit on that point is no police force to crack down on such action, which would lead to the company to lose the market in this country. If the alternative that test is conducted on people who give informed consent is adopted, there wont be such pain and disadvantage. So from the viewpoint of Utilitarianism, it is apparent that it is not the right thing to do for Dutch company to inject puppies an kittens with high dose of burning chemicals and conduct tests on unsuspecting people in a developing country.The viewpoint of Kantian ethicsAccording to Kantian viewpoint, human testing is not permitted, but whether animal test is the right thing is unknown. Kantian et hics considers that rationality justifies act. Kantian ethics is principal-based ethics which considers not consequence but intent (Ethical theory, p. 42). It permits no contradictions, so it is consequence-based for logic (Ethical theory, p. 43). One important element of Kantian ethics is think of for persons, which is expressed by Kant through his practical imperative Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means (Ethical theory, p. 43). Since Kant understands persons to be fundamentally rational beings with free will, respect for persons means respect for their autonomy (Ethical theory, p. 43). According to Kantian ethics, respect for persons autonomy is a moral principle which cant be violated. Therefore, for Dutch Cosmetics, conducting tests on unsuspecting people is not permitted. As regard to injecting high doses of burning chemicals into puppies and kittens, an imal testing does not belong to one of Kantian ethics principles, so it is not known whether it is right.The viewpoint of Virtue ethicsFrom the viewpoint of Virtue ethics conducting tests on unsuspecting people in developing country is not right, injecting high doses of burning chemicals is not the right act too. Virtue ethics asks whats the right kind of person to be? instead of enquire whats the right thing to do? (Ethical theory, p. 44), and the answer is a virtuous person (Ethical theory, p. 44). Aristotle, an ancient Greek virtue ethicist keyed standard four of the ancient Greeks-justice, temperance, courage, and wisdom-and adds a few others such as veracity, modesty, etc. William David Ross, a twentieth-century thinker, listed virtues such as fidelity, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, etc. (Ethical theory, p. 44). So according to Virtue ethics, justice, veracity, and beneficence are important virtues which do not permit treating people unequally, cheatingly and malefic ently, which means it is not right conducting tests on unsuspecting people.Aristotle considered that all virtues are at the midpoint between two extremes, his list of virtues are justified by their qualities that enable us to experience eudamonia, which is achieved by developing our unique human function, that of rationality (Ethical theory, p. 44). So according to Aristotle, rationality is the base of his ethics, as well as Kantian ethics, the difference is that the principles in Kantian ethics permit no exception, while virtues in Aristotle ethics are elastic. In view of above, injecting burning chemicals will be right if it is rational and not excessive, but it is not rational if it has little advantages to people and makes great pain to puppies and kittens. Obviously it is not the right thing to inject high doses of burning chemicals into puppies and kittens for a new type of glow-in -the -dark make-up according to Virtue ethics.ConclusionIn conclusion, from the viewpoints of al l aforementioned ethics, tests conducted on unsuspecting people are immoral, even if the reasons are different. Injecting puppies and kittens with high doses of burning chemicals does not accord with the principle of Utilitarianism that the greatest good for the greatest number justifies an act, and does not tally with Virtue ethics which emphasizes the rationality of act. The three ethics in essence all considers the rationality of act as close important, the difference among them is that Kantian ethics considers rationality of act from universality, Utilitarianism considers rationality of act from consequence, which counts into specific circumstances, and Virtue ethics considers rationality of act from human being, so in legislative regard Kantian ethics plays an important role because of its universality, for example, human testing is not allowed without participating partys informed consent in many countries law and international treaties such as Nuremberg Code. Utilitarianism can be a useful analytical method in many specific circumstances. Virtue ethics trains people more happy. The analysis from the three ethics viewpoint illustrates that the right course Dutch Cosmetics should adopt is conducting tests on people who give informed consent, instead of animal experiment and tests on unsuspecting people in a developing country.

The Usefulness Of An Interview

The Usefulness Of An InterviewIf we cast a glance at any company which has gained triumph in any business bea and begin to explore the reasons of this success we behind see that thither are many an(prenominal) factors that cause this success a successful business strategy, high prime(prenominal) organizational management, and of course, well selected employees who cope with their t waits properly. Choosing the right panorama, evaluating their effect and managing the high spirit work are genuinely grave factors that play a great role for the successful activity of any company.The main purpose of this assignment is to answer the questions regarding the selection function of employees, the factors that undermine the good of an call into question, the accent investigating of employees as part of the meditate selection process, and the doing appraisal method compare with the Total Quality Management (TQM).a. THE FACTORS AND PROBLEMS THAT CAN step down THE USEFULNESS OF AN INTERVIEW.To select employees is a very important management process that requires responsibility and professionalism. Although on that point are many instructions of managing this process, the main method is fetching origin interviews. It is very difficult to find a company that hires employees without interviewing them.In spite of the fact that there are many types and many ways of fetching an interview, the main aim of this assignment is to analysis the problems and the factors that can undermine the gain of an interview.As I noniced above, selecting views is a very essential management task, and without discriminating how to interview, it is impossible to manage this it.Several factors can undermine the public utility of an interviewFirst essence (Snap judgment)A study has shown that we make favorable or negative judgments about more or lessone we meet within 14 seconds. (CMR international. How to select surpass candi date. October 2004, p.35)An opposite researc h shows that in 85% of the cases interviewers had made up their minds before the interview even began (Dessler G., Human Resource Management, 11th edition, (2008), p.262)We can say that 50% of what an interviewers think about a candidate, 50% of their decision is made in the source 30-60 seconds. 25 percent of what the interviewer thinks about a candidate made in the first 15 minutes. This psychological factor undermines the interviews usefulness a lot.First impression becomes more harmful when the information about the candidate is unfavorable. Often the finding of even a small amount of negative information can run short to the rejection of a candidate. Generally, human psychology is affected more by negative information than the positive one. If the interview begins with negative mood, it is usually difficult to change its posture.For example, many try-outs for orchestras are now held with the applicant musicians playing behind a screen. All sexual, racial, and physical charact eristics are eliminated so selectors can concentrate on listening for the vanquish musician (http//humanresources.about.com/od/workrelationships/a/blink_effect.htm accession date 30 Sep 2009)Paying attention all these, it can be said that interviewers must not say their opinion about the candidate before an interview. Because in many cases the first impression can be deceptive. And the candidates must always remember that there is nothing like a good first impression. Body language is very important for the first impression. The candidate must sell him/herself by involves of with(predicate) the un literal communication, through the behavior.Candidate Order errorThis is one of the factors that can undermine the usefulness of an interview. The physiological incentive plays a great role here. Interviewers are influenced for or against a candidate by the interview of a previous candidate. For example, if a qualified applicant follows an exceptional applicant his or her qualificati ons tend to pale in comparison. To forefend this mistake it can be useful for the interviewers to take a little break after interviewing several candidates.Misunderstanding the JobInterviewers without clear understanding of the job sometimes ask irrelevant questions and make incorrect assumption about the qualifications of the successful job candidate.(http//ftdconsulting.com/docs/CommonInterviewMistakes Accessed date 30 Sep 2009)With incorrect stereotypes or impressions, it is very difficult to choose a right candidate. To avoid this, interviewers must get adequacy information about the vacant job which they want to fill and they musk ask relevant questions to the job.Nonverbal BehaviorThis is a very important factor during an interview both for interviewers and candidates. Nonverbal behavior is as important as verbal behavior. Psychological studies also affirm that sign(a) behavior can tell us many things about the persons nature and character. Elements, such as physique, heigh t, weight, skin color, gender, and attire send nonverbal messages during interaction. For example, a research into height has generally found that taller passel are perceived as creation more impressive (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication Access date 30 Sep 2009)Candidates can be affected of interviewers body language- facial expressions, eye contact and psychical reactions. If the candidates start to see negative nonverbal behavior from their interviewers they can not ad hardly their answers. The candidates nonverbal behavior can also have an impact on his or her rating, because interviewers infer the interviewees personality from the way he or she acts in the interview (Dessler G., Human Resource Management, 11th edition, (2008), p.264)Impression ManagementThis is a widely spreaded factor that undermines an interviews usefulness. Candidates persuade interviewers to like them by using ingratiation and praising. Applicants attempt to create a favorable impression . Some typical examples of impression management during interviews include verbal self-promotion (I am very unexpressed worker), adjustment of nonverbal behaviors (Smiling, welcoming, body posture), and looking the part (wearing professional clothing). (Journal of Management, 33(5),752-773). Therefore, interviewers must be very careful about not being affected by these impressionsEffects of Personal CharacteristicsSometimes interviewers rely on applicants psychical appearance or attractiveness for qualification judgments about their suitability. For example, interviewers give more attention to people with favorable traits than people with unfavorable traits. The interviewers are affected by candidates gender, attractiveness and race.Besides these factors, which we have noticed above, there are some more factors that can undermine the usefulness of an interview. These factors are poorly worded questions, illegal questions (the legislation prohibits to ask private questions), and si milar-to-me factor (interviewers tend to give a higher ratings to a candidate who has similar characteristics as themselves).Hiring and keeping good workers begins with the job interview. Interviews are one of the most important and extensively used hiring tools available to employers to identify the best candidate for a company. It is a great opportunity to meet several candidates and screen them to find the ones most suitable for the organization. Therefore, the interviewers must get as much benefit as they can from this opportunity.b. IS IT IMPORTANT TO CONDUCT PRE-EMPLOYMENT BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION?Forming a successful interview is not enough to choose a right candidate. It is just a part of the job selection process. There are some more methods that employers use to hire people.The next method of job selection process is to conduct pre-employment background investigation. Many employers use this method before hiring people. A pre-employment background investigation is frequent ly performed to help companies learn about a voltage employees background. The main aim is to check the information provided by the applicant and to discover the information that can be harmful for the company (criminal records, for example)Before a background investigation performed the employer must get a written and signed authorization from the employee. This informs the employee what type of background investigation of employment will be done. If the employer wants access to candidates medical checkup records or wants to talk to his or her friends, co-workers, then two additional consent forms are required.According to the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, areas of scrutiny consist ofCriminal recordsSex offender listsState licensing recordsCharacter referencesEducation recordsProperty ownershipCourt recordsCredit recordsSocial security numberPast employersNeighbor interviewsMedical recordsVehicle records troops recordsIncarceration recordsDriving recordsBankruptcyPersonal referen cesWorkers compensationDrug test recordsSource http//www.you-can-learn-basic-employee-rights.com/employee-background-check.html (Accessed 25 Sep 2009)Sometimes people find themselves in a situation where they wonder if it would be appropriate to do a background investigation about someone. It is not always easy to decide what the appropriate powerfulness be to do such a check. More often an emotional process takes place which prevents a person from doing that investigation. But nobody wants to choose the ill-use candidate. To avoid this, usually it is inevitable to do this investigation.In the following example we can see the importance of doing pre-employment background investigationJoe Smith hired by rudiment Inc. as a cable TV installer assaults and a rapes a female customer while installing cable service in her home. The employee had a criminal record of assault and drug abuse. A court could rule that the cable company was negligent because it should have found out about Joe through a pre-employment background investigation or an employee criminal background check.The family of the female customer beaten and raped by Joe of ABC Inc. sues his former employer 123 Inc. for only providing ABC Inc. with whats called a standard reference. This means 123 Inc. only gave basic information to ABC Inc.No detailed data involving Joes physical fights with co-workers while at 123 Inc. and his on the job drug abuse. Why? A lot of businessman and organizations are reluctant to share offensive and sensitive information because they are worried about being sued for defamation of character by former employees (http//www.you-can-learn-basic-employee-rights.com/pre-employment-background-investigation.html Accessed date 25 Sep 2009)From this example we can say that, doing pre-employment background investigation is not causeless. Researches has shown that up to 20 percent of job applicants give false or lead astray information on their applications for employment (http//www .you-can-learn-basic-employee-rights.com/pre-employment-background-investigation.html Accessed date 25 Sep 2009)One more example, doorbell Souths security director estimates that 15% to 20% of applicants conceal a secret in their application forms (Dessler G., Human Resource Management, 11th edition, (2008), p.280)Some of common areas of misleading involveFalse dates of employmentCriminal archivesUntrue reasons for leaving previous employmentDomestic violence or abuseProblems with credit history and etc.Hiring wrong person by not doing pre-employment background investigation could destroy everything a business owner or manager has built. Background investigation is a very important search tool todays business climate. Hiring without an accurate pre-employment check could result in serious problems. It is the employers responsibility to know the employee. So every employer should arise this process with a great responsibility to avoid further unpleasant events.c. TAKING A TQM-BASE D APPROACH TO THE PERFORMANCE APPRAISALNowadays free-enterprise(a) market requires a high quality from the companies. Therefore, companies always try to raise the quality in all steps of an organizational process. The main aim of the quality movement is to get the best work and effort from the employees of the organization. There are some ways to realize the quality movement. The most widely used methods are Total Quality Management (TQM) and performance appraisal methods. But there is an opinion difference about the applying of these methods. Some experts suggest that taking a TQM is an approach to the performance appraisal, but some of them have a contrary opinion. In this paragraph of an assignment the contrary among the experts will be discussed. But before this, it require to be explained what TQM and appraisal methods are.TQM is a method to raise a quality throughout the organizational process. It is not a programme but a imperious style of work. The main aim is to raise t he quality of goods, service and all organizational process. Performance appraisal method is used to evaluate the job performance of an employee. The aim is to facilitate communications between employees and administration and to identify employees training needs. But both TQM and performance appraisal methods are focused of increasing the productiveness of the organization. They both help the systematic management of all the process in the organization.Some of the benefits of both the performance appraisal and TQM areImprovement of the performance of the employeesBrings quality consciousnessBetter utilization of resourcesCommitment of higher technology(http//appraisals.naukrihub.com/tqm-and-performance-appraisal.html Accessed date 26 Sep 2009)As it is noticed above, there is an argument among the experts about the usefulness of appraisal methods as a part of TQM. Many defenders of TQM criticize performance appraisals. For example, Peter Scholtes say there is no data, no research to demonstrate that performance appraisal does any good. There is nothing to indicate that a company which uses performance appraisals does any better than it would if it did not use performance appraisals. (http//www.baldrigeplus.com/Exhibits/Exhibit%20-%20Performance%20appraisal.pdf Accessed date 26 Sep 2009) They insist on performance appraisals undermines teamwork. Some experts refute the compatibility of the TQM and performance appraisals. According to them both TQM and Performance appraisals differ in their fundamental nature, characteristics and requirements making it impossible to combine them.Some fundamental differences between the two areTQM is team based whereas performance appraisals are designed for individuals. It undermines teamworkTQM focuses on customer whereas performance appraisal method focuses on individuals.In TQM the main aim is to reach the standards but in appraisal method standards are sometimes imposed on the employeePerformance appraisals generally results in some awards, like increased pay, promotions and etc. but TQM may or may not yield visible results.Nevertheless, other TQM experts defend Performance appraisals saying that this is a very important part of management programme including quality movement. They say that performance appraisals are very necessary for every organization and it must be approached in the frames of TQM. Because, as a result, the performance appraisals method is an important step to raise a work quality.Although there is a contrariety among the experts about the applying of performance appraisal methods, the benefits of these method is obvious. Of course there are some factors that can undermine the usefulness of performance appraisals (luck of preparation, indecipherable performance standards, and ect.).But for my opinion if it is applied faultless many problems can be eliminated in an organization. In every company there can be some insufficiencies, employees may need motivation and to eliminate these insufficiencies it is very useful to use performance appraisal methods. I want to give an example about my school. hardly a(prenominal) days ago we had been given appraisal papers to identify our needs and insufficiencies, and as a result I saw its benefit. It was a like a communication between the students and the administrators. I dont agree with the experts who say performance appraisals are useless. Maybe in some cases this method is useless but it does not mean that performance appraisals are always useless.CONCLUSIONAs a result, it can be said that the interviews are very important job selection process for the both employers and employees. Interviewers must be very careful and they must avoid the problems that can undermine the usefulness of an interview. It was also shown that the good interview is not enough to choose the right candidate, therefore it is very important to do pre-employment background investigation. By doing this investigation the future unpleasant events c an be avoided. In the conk out part of an assignment we looked through the performance appraisal methods in the frames of TQM and it can be said that although there is no common opinion about the usefulness of the appraisal methods, for my opinion performance appraisal methods are very useful.REFERENCESDessler G.(2004) Human Resource Management 11th editionJournal of Management (2007) 33(5)CMR international. (2004 October) How to select best candidate. p.35http//appraisals.naukrihub.com/tqm-and-performance-appraisal.htmlhttp//www.you-can-learn-basic-employee-rights.com/employee-background-check.htmlhttp//www.you-can-learn-basic-employee-rights.com/pre-employment-background-investigation.htmlhttp//www.baldrigeplus.com/Exhibits/Exhibit%20-%20Performance%20appraisal.http//humanresources.about.com/od/workrelationships/a/blink_effect.htmhttp//ftdconsulting.com/docs/CommonInterviewMistakeshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication

The Life of Jane Addams Essay -- essays research papers fc

Jane Addams, a pioneering social worker, helped bring attention to the possibility of revolutionizing the Statess attitude toward the measly. Not only does she remain a rich source of provocative social theory to this day, her accomplishments affected the philosophical, sociological, and political thought. Addams was an activist of resolution and a thinker of originality. Jane Addams embodied the purest moral standards of society which were best demonstrated by her founding of the Hull-House and her societal contributions, culminating with the winning of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.Jane Addams was born on family 6, 1860, the eighth child of a prominent family in the small town of Cedarville, Illinois. Of the nine children born to her parents, John and Sarah Addams, only four would reach maturity. Pregnant with her 9th child at the age of forty-nine, Sarah Addams died in 1863, leaving two-year-old Jane, ten-year-old James Weber and three older daughtersMary, Martha, and Alice. Five years after Sarahs death, John Addams get hitched with Anna Haldeman, a widow from nearby Freeport who had two sons, eighteen-year-old Henry and seven-year-old George. Jane welcomed the arrival of George, who was almost the same age as she, but she resented her new stepmother at first. The little female child was used to being pampered by her older siblings and the family servants, and she was taken aback by Anna Addamss unfamiliar habits. The new Mrs. Addams was determined to enforce order in the slenderly unruly household, and she had a quick temper. When she arrived in her new home, she began at once to reorganize it, insisting on formal mealtime behavior, scrupulously orderly rooms, and strict moderate among the children. Anna Addams was, however, intelligent, cultivated, and basically kind. An avid reader and a talented musician, she often entertained the youngsters by reading plays and novels aloud to them, playing the guitar, and singing folk songs. The children soon bec ame addicted to her ways, and after a few months she won the hearts of both Jane and her siblings. Although Jane grew found of Ma, as she began to call her stepmother, she continued to look to her father and sister Martha for advice and approval. When Martha suddenly died of enteric fever fever at the age of sixteen, five-year-old Jan... ...d remedy some of societys ills. Largely through Addamss efforts, people became aware not only of poor peoples needs, but of what they could do to improve living conditions. Still standing on Halsted Street, the original mansion that contained Hull House looks as nice and dignified as everas if Jane Addams herself stands within its courtyard reminding us to bring help and hope to those less fortunate.BibliographyAddams, Jane. Democracy and Social Ethics. 1902. Reprint. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 2002.Addams, Jane. The Second xx Years at Hull-House. newfangled York Macmillan Co., 1930.Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House. 1910. R eprint. Prairie State Books. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1990.Berson, Robin. Jane Addams A Biography. Connecticut Greenwood Press, 2004.Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy A Life. New York Basic Books, 2002.Lasch, Christopher, ed. The Social Thought of Jane Addams. American Heritage Series. Indianapolis Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1965.The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation. Nobelprize.org. 2005.http//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1931/addams.html

My Educational Philosophy :: Philosophy of Education Teaching

My Educational Philosophy Everyone has their own reasons for choosing a career. Some people work out decisions based on the family business or income statistics. In my case, none of the out front mentioned explanations apply. My decision making process began after tenth grade, which happened to be the beginning of my Four-H counseling career. At this particular 4-H camp, I was honored to hold the title counselling. It is a position that holds power, influence, and respect. Throughout the week, I fulfilled my position by helping numerous children with an array of situations. The campers were taught new camp songs while also shown how to corporation with troubling circumstances. The smiling faces at the end of the week proved that the entire staff had been successful. In that one week, I realized that I can make a difference. The feeling of triumph that I felt was incredible that is the feeling that I neediness to experience more often. So, why do I take to be a teacher? For one, I have the desire to help others. I want to make students feel like they are someone. I hold to make every child know they can succeed in life. After explaining the cell division process, I am excited to see the go through of accomplishment on a childs face once they finally understand -- that is the feeling of success. As a teacher, I will be given many opportunities to lend that special helping hand. The subject that I have chosen to teach is one that I did not dominate throughout my high school career. That is why I chose the General Science degree. I can relate with the student that is too shy to raise their hand and learn a question. I know what it is like to work a little harder because something does not come naturally. And, most of all, I know how it feels to succeed. That is the feeling that I want everyone to experience. Corresponding with a science degree, I am also pursuing a mathematics degree. I believe that G od gives everyone a gift of a natural talent -- this gift should be implemented in life.